Structure Of Flowering Plants

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Characteristics of Kingdom Plantae

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- Multicellular

- Autotrophic

- Eukaryotic

- Cell Wall made from cellulose

- Reproduce sexually + asexually

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Plants are made up of 2 parts:

Back 2

- Root System (below ground)

- Shoot System (above ground)

Front 3

External Structure of a Flowering Plant

Back 3

Front 4

Types of Roots

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- Main (tap) root with side (lateral) roots e.g. Dandelions

- Fibrous roots (grow from stem) e.g. Grass

- Adventitious roots (don't develop from radicle) [main root] e.g. Onion

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Tap root

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Fibrous root

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What protects tip of root?

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Root cap + root hairs

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Function of Root Hairs

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Absorb water + minerals. More root hairs = greater surface area for absorption.

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Function of Roots

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- Anchor plant into ground

- Absorb water + minerals from soil

- Storage of food (in certain plants) e.g. Carrot + turnip

- Vegetation reproduction e.g. Strawberries

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Zones of Roots

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1. Zone of Protection

2. Zone of Production

3. Zone of Elongation

4. Zone of Differentiation

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Zone of Protection

Back 11

Root cap protects growing tip which contains root cells

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Zone of Production (Meristem)

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- Contains meristematic tissue which is capable of mitosis

- Apical meristem are found in the root + shoot tip

- Some meristematic tissue is located around the edge of the plant

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Zone of Elongation

Back 13

Plant growth regulators stimulate growth in plants

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Zone of Differentiation

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Elongated cells develop into other types of plant tissue

1. Ground

2. Dermal

3. Vascular

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Front 16

Shoot System

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Consists of the stem, leaves, flowers + buds

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Functions of the Stem

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- Transport of water + minerals from the roots to leaves + flowers

- Transports food made in the leaves around the plant

- Supports the leaves, flowers + fruits so they are in position for photosynthesis

- Food storage e.g. Stem tuber of potato

- Vegetative reproduction e.g. Stem tubers of potato

- Stems can be herbaceous (don't have wood or lignin) or woody (do have wood or lignin)

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What attaches leaf to stem?

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At node by petiole

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Sessile

Back 19

If leaves are directly attached to stem

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Function of veins of leaf blade (lamina)

Back 20

Give leaf support + transports nutrients

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Types of Veins on a Leaf

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Parallel: veins run in parallel lines (usually monocots) e.g. Grass

Net/Reticulate: veins branch out from midrib (usually dicots) e.g. Rose

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Back 22

Parallel Veins

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Back 23

Net/ Reticulate Veins

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Functions of Leaves

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- To make food through photosynthesis

- Gaseous exchange - Oxygen + Carbon Dioxide pass in + out through stomata

- Transpiration - water evaporates through the leaf which allows roots to take in water

- Storage of food in some plants e.g. Lettuce

Front 25

Function of Flowers

Back 25

Sexual reproduction

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Function of Buds

Back 26

- Food storage e.g. Onion

- Growth of the stem to form new leaves + flowers

- Forms branches by lateral buds

- Vegetative reproduction e.g. Onion

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Plant Tissues

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1. Meristematic

2. Dermal

3. Ground

4. Vascular

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Meristematic Tissue

Back 28

- Meristem contains meristematic cells which reproduce by mitosis

- Meristematic cells develop into other types of plant cells e.g. Flower, root

- Only area in plant responsible for growth

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Meristem

Back 29

Region of active cell division (mitosis) in plant

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Dermal Tissue

Back 30

- Forms epidermis or outer covering of stem, root + leaves

- Protects the plant from water loss (cuticle) + entry of pathogens

- Epidermal cells of the leaves + stem secrete a waxy cuticle which prevents water loss

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Ground Tissue

Back 31

- Fill space between dermal + vascular tissue to form bulk of plant

- Contains chloroplasts which allows photosynthesis to make food

- Stores food + waste

- Gives strength + support to plant

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Vascular Tissue

Back 32

Specialised for transport

1. Xylem

2. Phloem

Front 33

Function of Xylem

Back 33

- Transport water + dissolved salts

- Gives support to the leaves

Front 34

Location of Xylem

Back 34

Roots, stem, leaves, flowers (vascular bundle)

Front 35

Function of Phloem

Back 35

- Transport food (sugar) made by photosynthesis

Front 36

Location of Phloem

Back 36

Roots, stem, leaves, flowers (vascular bundle)

Front 37

Types of Xylem Cells

Back 37

Xylem Tracheids + Xylem Vessels

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Back 38

Xylem Tracheids

- Long tapered cell

- Inside hollow at maturity

- Overlap of cell walls allows passage at pits

e.g. Coniferous trees

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Back 39

Xylem Vessels

- Tubular vessels that join end to end

- Pits in the walls alow water + salts to travel between vessels

- More efficient

e.g.

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Lignin

Back 40

- Hard chemical which gives plant wall strength

- Arranged in a spiral in xylem

- Forms wood in trees

Front 41

Types of Cells in Phloem

Back 41

Sieve tube elements + companion cells

Front 42

Sieve Tube Element

Back 42

- Long stacked cells form sieve tube

- Walls have pores (sieve) which allows movement of materials

- Walls contain cellulose + a cytoplasm

- Lack a nucleus

- End wall is a cell plate

Front 43

Companion Cells

Back 43

- Cell that lies along each sieve tube element

- Contains cytoplasm + a nucleus

- Controls itself + attached sieve tube cell

- Considered living part of phloem

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Back 44

Phloem diagram

Front 45

What is formed as meristematic cells undergo mitosis?

Back 45

Dermal, ground or vascular tissue

Front 46

Groups flowering plants are divided into

Back 46

Monocots + dicots

Front 47

Cotyledon

Back 47

Embryonic seed leaf used for storage

Front 48

Monocotyledon

Back 48

A plant with one seed leaf

Front 49

Dicotyledon

Back 49

A plant with 2 seed leaves

Front 50

Characteristics of Monocots

Back 50

- One seed leaf for storing food

- Parallel venation in the leaves

- Scattered vascular bundles in stem

- Flowers have 3 petals

- Mostly herbaceous

e.g. Grass, cereals, tulip, daffodils

Front 51

Characteristics of Dicots

Back 51

- 2 seed leaves for storing food

- Net/Reticulate venation

- Arranged vascular bundles

- Flowers have 4/5 petals

- Herbaceous or woody

e.g. Beans, peas, sunflower, trees

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TS of Root

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