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38 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Arteries carry blood ______ the heart and veins carry blood ______ towards the heart. Consequently, arteries ________ whereas veins ______________.
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Arteries carry blood away from the heart and veins carry blood towards it. Consequently, arteries diverge and veins converge.
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What is the goal of circulation?
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To get blood to the capillaries, the only place where oxygen can be transported to the tissues
heart -- arteries -- capillaries -- heart -- vein |
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What is a portal system?
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Artery -- capillaries -- veins ---capillaries -- veins
(go through two capillary beds w/out returning right away to heart) |
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Why does blood circulate?
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--blood flows by creating a pressure gradient; fluid flows from where pressure is high to where it is low
--heart doesn’t really “pump” the blood but creates a pressure gradient --left side of heart has highest pressure, drops from there Unless you maintain pressure gradient, blood will not flow |
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What is mean arterial pressure?
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MAP, the regulated variable in the cardiac reflexes
average pressure in the system at any given time oscillates around a mean |
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Where is the heart located?
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Thoracic cavity, part of the anterior body cavity
Located medial to lungs and superior to diaphragm Found specifically in the mediastintium, non-delineated space which also contains thymus, esophagus, trachea, great vessels of chest |
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Where are the base and apex of the heart located?
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Base=directed superiorly, 2nd intercostal space at midline
Apex=5th intercostal space, angled off to the left of midline 2.5-3 in. Right atrium/ventricle angled anterior to left side of heart |
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What cavity does the heart lie in?
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The pericardial cavity which is a serous membrane called the pericardium
parietal pericardium -- pericardial space with pericardial fluid -- visceral pericardium (epicardium) -- heart |
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What is the signifigance of the pericardium?
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1. stabilizes heart in mediastintium
2. allows for change in the volume of the heart without any friction due to the pericardial fluid If pericardial fluid volume changes, get friction, painful, pericardialdisis |
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Where is the coronary sulcus?
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Runs like a belt right below the two atria around the heart
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Where are the interventricular sulci?
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Running from base to apex; have anterior and posterior interventricular sulci
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What lies in the sulci?
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White adipose tissue and coronary arteries/veins that supply the heart with blood
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Where are the AV valves?
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The valves between the atria and the ventricles
Left atrioventricular valves=bicuspid (2 flaps), mitral Right atrioventricular valves=tricuspid (3 flaps) |
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Where are the semilunar valves?
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The valves between the vessels and ventricle
Aortic valve: between left ventricle and aorta Pulmonary valve: between right ventricle and pulmonary trunk |
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What are the walls of the heart chambers made out of?
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Cardiac muscle! Specifically, myocardium
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What is the endocardium?
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Thin, one layer simple squamous tissue lining the internal surfaces of the heart; continuous with the endothelium and does all the same things as it
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Starting from the outside, name the layers in order that a pin would go through to get to the center of the heart
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parietal pericardium -- pericardial space w/ pericardial fluid -- visceral pericardium (epicardium) -- myocardium -- endocardium -- blood
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What happens if you disrupt blood supply to the myocardium?
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It dies!
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What is the coronary circulation?
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The circulation to and from the heart itself
A special circulation that follows normal circulation closely...blood goes from heart to arteries, capillaries and then veins, but the capillaries are actually located INSIDE the heart and make up the wall of it |
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What are two other examples of special circulation?
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Hepatic (because uses a portal system)
Cerebral (because uses the dural sinuses) |
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Where are the coronary arteries located?
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Left ventricle pumps blood to aorta, which has its first branches be the coronary arteries behind the cusps of the aortic valve
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What are the divisions of the left coronary artery?
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Anterior introventricular artery (in anterior introventricular sulcus)
Circumflex artery (in coronary sulcus) |
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What are the divisions of the right coronary artery?
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Entire thing located in coronary sulcus
--right marginal artery --posterior interventricular artery in posterior interventricular sulcus in majority of cases, this second artery branch comes from right coronary artery, and we call this a right dominant circulation In other cases, left coronary artery will be the source of it, we call it the left dominant circulation If it comes from both, it is codominant |
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Where are the coronary capillaries?
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Penetrating the myocardium
no more than 1 cell between myocyte and capillaries |
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What sides of the heart does the left coronary artery perfuse? What about the right coronary artery? How do we know this?
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Left side=left coronary artery
Right side=right coronary artery We know this by forming a vascular cast |
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What is hypoxia?
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Heart doesn't get enough O2 and you get angenia, feeling of pain because of lack of oxygen
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What is a coronary bypass?
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Giving blood an alternative root to go in the heart because of a blockage
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What are the coronary veins?
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Great cardiac vein: runs with anterior ventricular artery
Small cardiac vein: runs with right marginal artery Middle cardiac vein: located in posterior interventricular sulcus All empty in coronary sulcus into coronary sinus |
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What is systemic circulation? What kind of pressure system is it?
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How all tissues (including special circulations) receive blood (except lungs)
Left ventricle pumps blood with oxygen to the tissues High pressure system |
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What is pulmonary circulation?
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How lungs receive blood
Blood leaves on right side of heart and returns on the left Low pressure system |
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Why does it take high pressure to pump blood to heart but low pressure to pump it to the lungs?
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Left side of heart thicker, pumps to body with more force/more pressure
Right side of heart thinner, so therefore pumps with less force/less pressure |
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What is the structure of the AV valves?
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Have chordae tendinae that stabilize and hold them shut
Will open when pressure is greater in atrium than ventricle, but closed when greater in ventricle than atrium |
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What is the structure of the semilunar valves
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No chordae tendinae but still work
Will open when pressure is greater in atrium than ventricle, but closed when greater in ventricle than atrium |
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What happens if blood leaks between valves?
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Get a turbulent flow of blood, blood clotting and a heart murmur.
Worst case scenario: valvular prolapse, blood flows backward |
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What does the fibrous trigone do?
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Developed area in myocardium where valves are attached and anchored
In coronary sulcus between atria and ventricles As fibrous connective tissue, anchors the valves and almost completely separates the atrial myocardium from the ventricular myocardium |
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What is the pathway of blood?
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Right atrium --> right AV (tricuspid) valve --> right ventricle --> pulmonary semilunar valve --> pulmonary trunk --> pulmonary artery --> lungs --> pulmonary veins --> left atrium --> left AV (bicuspid/mitral) valve --> left ventricle --> aortic semilunar valve --> aorta --> tissues --> vena cava --> right atrium
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Who pumps the blood in fetal circulation, and what DOESN'T work?
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Baby's heart
Pulmonary circulation; gets O2 from mother via placenta and diffuses waste products back into maternal circulation |
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What happens when blood from umbilical veins merges with inferior vena cava?
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Merges with blood that is O2 poor, therefore needs to use HbS to extract as much O2 as possible
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