Structure And Function Of The Respiratory System

Front 1

What lung structure is formed around the fourth week gestation. What divides the structure? What does this form

Back 1

Respiratory diverticulum. It divides by the tracheoesophageal septum to form pharynx and esophagus dorsaly and trachea and bronchi/ lungs caudally.

Front 2

What is the age during the pseudoglandular period? What forms?

Back 2

5-16 weeks.
Lung buds form and form secondary and tertiary bronchiole buds.

Front 3

What is the age during the canalicular period? What forms?

Back 3

16-24 weeks.
Terminal sacs begin to form and becomes vascularized.

Front 4

What is the age during the terminal sac period? What forms?

Back 4

24-birth
Capillaries protrude into sacs. Surfactant is produced.

Front 5

What is age during the alveolar period? What forms?

Back 5

birth- 8 years.
Type I cells stretch and alveoli multiply.

Front 6

What are the layers around the lung? What function do they serve?

Back 6

Parietal covers the thoracic cavity. Visceral pleura covers the surface of the lungs.
The space between them contains serous fluid for friction during lung movement

Front 7

What is the blood supply to the lungs?

Back 7

Bronchial- oxygenated
Pulmonary- deoxygenated

Front 8

What is the innervation of the lungs?

Back 8

Parasympathetic (vagus)
Sympathetics

Front 9

What is the lymphatic drainage of the lung?

Back 9

Pulmonary
Bronchopulmonary
Superior tracheobronchial
Inferior tracheobronchial

Front 10

What are the structures of the conducting bronchial tree. What are the functions?

Back 10

Nasal cavity, nasopharynx, laynx, trachea, bronchi, bronhioles, terminal bronchioles.
Functions to condition, warm, moisten and cleanse air.

Front 11

What are the structures of the respiratory bronchial tree?

Back 11

Respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, atria and alveolar sacs.

Front 12

What cells are involved with the respiratory epithelium? What is the function?

Back 12

Ciliated columnar cells- push mucous out of the lungs.
Mucous goblet cells- secrete mucous to trap bacteria and particles.
Brush cells- replace dead ciliated and mucous cells and sensory receptors.
Basal cells- stem cells.
Small granule cell- exhibit DNES activity.

Front 13

Where is the lamina propria in the lungs? What is the structure?

Back 13

Loose connective tissue with mucous glands under the epithelium.

Front 14

What is the epithelium in the vestibule?

Back 14

Initially keratinized epithelium that changes to nonkeratinized to stratified squamous to respiratory epithelium.

Front 15

What is found on the lateral walls of the nasal fossa? What is found on the superior surface?

Back 15

Turbinate bones found on the lateral wall to warm and moisten air.
Specialized olfactory epithelium found on the roof.

Front 16

What are venous plexuses used for?

Back 16

Venous plexuses engorge with blood causing it to swell alternatively and prevent drying.

Front 17

What is the organization of the epiglottis?

Back 17

Superior surface- non-keratozinized; inferior surface- respiratory epithelium.

Front 18

What are the false vocal cords? What are the true vocal cords?

Back 18

False- respiratory epithelium and contains mucous gland.
True- stratified squamous; contains vocal ligament and vocalis muscle.

Front 19

What prevents the trachea from contracting? What narrows it?

Back 19

Cartilage rings bridged posteriorly by a ligament and trachealis muscle. Contraction of the trachealis constricts the lumen during coughing, etc.

Front 20

What passes through the hilum of the lung?

Back 20

Primary bronchi, arteries, veins nerves, lymphatics.

Front 21

What is unique about the structure of bronchioles?

Back 21

Absence of cartilage and glands in the walls.
Cuboidal epithelium.

Front 22

What cells appear in the terminal bronchioles?

Back 22

Clara cells- protection and regeneration of the epithelium. Detoxification of inhaled substances.

Front 23

What are the layers of the interalveolar septa?

Back 23

Simple squamous epithelial layers with an interstitium betwee.
Interstitium holds capillaries embedded in connective tissue.

Front 24

What is the function of alveolar pores?

Back 24

Connect adjacent alveoli and equalize pressures.

Front 25

What is the function for a type I alveoli?

Back 25

Gas-permeable component
Pinocytes recycle surfactant.

Front 26

What is the function of type II alveoli?

Back 26

Lamellar bodies release surfactant.
Replace type I and II cells.

Front 27

What is the function of alveolar macrphages?

Back 27

Removing debris that escapes the mucous. Also phagocytoses blood cells in heart failure.

Front 28

What is the function of surfactant?

Back 28

Reduce surface tension in the alveoli.
Bactericidal.