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30 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Specific
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resistance to certain pathogens
(antigens) |
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Discriminates
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foreignness (danger)
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Slow starting
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needs nonspecific defenses
to be engaged |
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Immune memory
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faster response on
repeat exposure |
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Antigens
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ANYTHING that stimulates an
immune response – Usually proteins or peptides – Foreign • Autoimmune disorders |
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Antibodies
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“Y-shaped proteins on the surface of B cells that is
secreted into the blood or lymph in response to an antigenic stimulus” Antibodies (Ab) bind antigens specifically |
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Host proteins
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that bind
specifically to antigens |
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epitopes
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Each antigen has many – Antibody binding sites
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Where do antibodies come from?
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B cells
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B cell
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are generated in bone marrow
• As a B cell differentiates, gene segments are randomly selected and combined to encode a unique V region |
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Immature B cells
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cells that bind “self” molecules die
by apoptosis |
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Mature B cells
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go to the lymph nodes and spleen
to await clonal selection by antigen |
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Antigen presenting cells
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are Dendritic cells, Macrophages,
and B cells The T cell binds antigen presented on MHC |
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MHC
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Major histocompatibility complex
• Receptors on host cell that present peptides to the outside world |
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MHC I
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– All nucleated cells
– Present “self” |
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MHC II
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– APCs
– Present antigen to immune |
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Agglutination
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– Clumps pathogens, makes them easier to phagocytose
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Neutralization
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-Block cell binding of pathogens and toxins
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Opsonization
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– Coat pathogen for easy phagocytosis
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Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity
(ADCC) |
– Signals killer cells to kill pathogen
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Monoclonal antibodies
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• Every antibody molecule is
exactly the same – Single epitope • Made from immunized mice • VERY useful for – Diagnosis – Therapy – Research |
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seropositive
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When someone has antibodies to a pathogen,
they are |
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titer
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The amount of antibodies they have is their
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Rapid strep test
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– Antibody to group B
Streptococcus spp. – Antigen will bind to antibody if positive |
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• Pregnancy tests
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– Same principle as rapid strep
tests |
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Neutralizing antibodies
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block virus hemagglutination
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• Natural
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Passive of anibodies
– Mothers via transplacental antibodies – Mothers via nursing |
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• Artificial
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Passive of anitbodies
– Transfer antibodies to someone that cannot make their own |
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Botulism
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Clostridium botulinum
• Causes paralysis – Voluntary and involuntary muscles • Only treatment for exposure is injection of horse antibody against toxins • Botox – botulism toxin |
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Tetnus
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is caused by Clostridium tetani
• Causes muscle rigidity and spasms • One treatment for exposure is injection of human antibody against toxin |
