Special Senses

Front 1

Sensation

Back 1

The act of receiving a stimulus

Front 2

Perception

Back 2

The act of interpreting a sensation

Front 3

Simple Unencapsulated receptors

Back 3

These receptors have free dendritic nerve endings that often sense pain and temperature. Examples include Merkel discs, root hair plexi, and itch receptors.

Front 4

Simple encapsulated receptors

Back 4

These receptors function largely as mechanoreceptors and consist of fiber terminals enclosed in connective tissue. Examples include Pacinian corpuscles, Ruffini's corpuscles, and golgi tendon organs.

Front 5

Sweet, salty, sour, bitter, umami, fat

Back 5

These are the six taste sensations we can perceive.

Front 6

Chemorecptors

Back 6

These receptors respond to chemicals that dissolve in solution. Examples are olfactory receptors and taste buds

Front 7

Diplopia and strabismus

Back 7

Two disorders of the eye caused by homeostatic imbalances of the extrinsic eye muscles.

Front 8

Fibrous tunic

Back 8

This forms the outer coat of the eye and consists of both the sclera (white of the eye) and the cornea.

Front 9

Choroid region

Back 9

Part of the vascular tunic (uvea), this region supplies blood to the tunics of the eye.

Front 10

Iris

Back 10

Part of the vascular tunic, this region contracts (parasympathetic action) and dilates (sympathetic reaction) to regulate the amount of light that stimulates the retina.

Front 11

Retina

Back 11

Part of the sensory tunic, this region can be divided into two layers; the pigmented layer and the neuronal layer.

Front 12

Cones

Back 12

Photoreceptors that respond only to bright light and are responsible for high-acuity color vision. Each of these receptors synapse with only one ganglionic cell (1:1 ratio).

Front 13

Rods

Back 13

Photoreceptors that respond to very low levels of light and are concentrated along the periphery of the retina. These receptors synapse with ganglionic cells at a 10:1 ration (10 receptors for each ganglionic cell).

Front 14

Organ of Corti

Back 14

This organ is responsible for hearing and is located in the cochlear duct. Afferent fibers of the cochlear nerve synapse with outer hair cells that have stereocilia. These stereocilia allow for the sensation of vibrations within the tectorial membrane.

Front 15

Semicircular canals

Back 15

These structures detect angular acceleration along three perpendicular axes. Stereocilia encapsulated in capulae allow for acceleration sensation.

Front 16

Back 16

eye diagram (counterclockwise from top left): ciliary body, cornea, iris, pupil, aqueous humor, lens, vitreous humor, optic disc, optic nerve, fovea centralis, retina, choroid, sclera.

Front 17

Back 17

Outer ear (counterclockwise from top left): Auricle (pinna), helix, lobule, external auditory meatus

Front 18

Back 18

Middle ear (counterclockwise from top left): Ossicles, malleus, incus, stapes, tympanic membrane, pharyngotympanic tube

Front 19

Back 19

Organization of the retina (counterclockwise from top right): horizontal cell, amacrine cell, ganglion, bipolar cell, rod, cone

Front 20

Why do we sense sound of different frequencies at different segments of the basilar membrane

Back 20

The range of frequencies we can sense is due to the length of basilar fibers along the basilar membrane. vibrations of higher frequencies localize around the base of the membrane while vibrations of lower frequencies localize around the apex.