Special Senses

Front 1

sound definition

Back 1

changes in pressure in the air

Front 2

what part of ear participates in balance not hear

Back 2

the semicircular canals

Front 3

which part of the ear is most suceptible to infection

Back 3

the middle ear: warm and moist

Front 4

3 bones in the middle ear

Back 4

ossicles: maleas, incus and staypees.

Front 5

which little bone sits on the ear drum

Back 5

maleas

Front 6

which little bone sits between the two other ones

Back 6

incus

Front 7

which little bone sits against the oval membrane

Back 7

staypees

Front 8

what do the ossicles do

Back 8

amplify the pressure wave so energy can be deciphered in a fluid filled canal opposed to air.

Front 9

where does the outer ear end

Back 9

the tympanic membrane (the ear drum)

Front 10

ear drum real name

Back 10

tympanic membrane

Front 11

what is the cochlea

Back 11

a fluid filled cavity in the temporal bone

Front 12

what is the function of the eustachian tube

Back 12

equalizes pressure between outer ear and middle ear.

Front 13

what are the pinna (auricle) and what are there function

Back 13

cartilage. has folds for reflecting sound waves down into sound canal

Front 14

what seperates the air and fluid cavaties

Back 14

oval membrane

Front 15

sound transmission air to fluid steps

Back 15

1) tympanic membrane deflects

2) middle ear bones

3) membrane in oval window moves

4) basilar membrane moves

5) membrane in round window moves

Front 16

what does the organ of corti do

Back 16

changes sound waves into nerve impulses

Front 17

what is the membrane in the organ of corti

Back 17

tectorial membrane

Front 18

which end of the basilar membrane is low freq

Back 18

apex is wide and floppy

Front 19

which end of the basilar membrane is high freq

Back 19

base is stiff and narrow

Front 20

basilar membrane and sound

Back 20

hear sound as a function of where on basilar membrane it vibrates.

Front 21

hair cell position

Back 21

have tectoral membrane on top and basilar membrane below them

Front 22

are hair cells mechanically or chemically gated

Back 22

mechanically by deflection of stereocilia

Front 23

what ion enters the hair cells

Back 23

K+ bc the fluid inside is endolymph so has high Na+ and low K+

Front 24

what is pitch determined by

Back 24

activity in hair cells at specific points on basilar membrane

Front 25

what is intensity determined by

Back 25

number of impulses per second in nerve fibres. more channels open for longer = louder.

Front 26

what is duration determined by

Back 26

when aps start and finish

Front 27

what is direction determined by

Back 27

time difference in activation of receptors in each ear and intensity differences in each ear

Front 28

central pathway to hearing

Back 28

auditory receptors in cochlea

brain stem neurons

medial geniculate nucleus

auditory cortex (each side receives info from both ears)

Front 29

what happens when you get intense high freq sound for too long

Back 29

hair cells lost because oscillations too violent and get ripped

Front 30

taste fancy word

Back 30

gustation

Front 31

smell fancy word

Back 31

olfaction

Front 32

what receptors do you use for the sensation of taste and smell

Back 32

chemoreceptors

Front 33

what is the half life of taste buds in tongue papillae

Back 33

2 weeks

Front 34

what are the only papillae that dont have taste buds

Back 34

filliform papillae

Front 35

5 classifications of taste

Back 35

salt, sweet, sour, bitter, umami

Front 36

what is the chemoreceptor sensitive to in salt tasting

Back 36

Na+ which depolarizes it when it enters

Front 37

what is the chemoreceptor sensitive to in sour tasting

Back 37

acid protons. the cells are cconstantly hyperpolarized by exit of K+, H+ blocks the K+ channel. K+ builds up and depolarizes cell.

Front 38

what is the chemoreceptor sensitive to in sweet tasting

Back 38

bind glucose to g protein couple receptor closure of K+ channel = depol.

Front 39

what is the chemoreceptor sensiive to in bitter tasting

Back 39

alkaloids. block K+ channel or acts through g protein gustation causes decrease in AMP causes depol.

Front 40

what is the chemoreceptor sensitive to in umami tastin

Back 40

glutamate receptor. MSG for instance reacts with cation channel which causes depol.

Front 41

general mechanism for tasting

Back 41

tastants interact with receptors

cell becomes depol

depol leads to ca elevation

elevated ca promotes release of synaptic vesicles

afferent fibres excited

Front 42

how is spiciness sensed

Back 42

by pain fibres stiulated by capsaicin

Front 43

type of neurons in olfactory epithelium

Back 43

bipolar

Front 44

how is the olfactory nerve stimulated

Back 44

connected by bipolar receptors in epithelium which have non motile cilia in the mucus layer on roof of nasal cavity

Front 45

how does a cold affect smell signal transduction

Back 45

the stimulus has to bind to cilia on mucus so if u have loads of mucus forms a barrier cant bind cant smell

Front 46

what sort of receptor is used in olfactory signal transduction

Back 46

g prtein coupled receptor opens na and ca co transporters cl leaves sends graded potential

Front 47

central pathway for olfaction

Back 47

olfactory axons form the first cranial nerve

synapse in olfactory bulbs

olfactory bulb axons pass to olfactory cortex

Front 48

vestibular system def

Back 48

position and movement of your head in space

Front 49

what nerve is attached to the vestibular apparatus

Back 49

vestibulocochlear nerve

Front 50

what sort of movement are semicircular canals sensitive to

Back 50

angular acceleration

Front 51

number of vestibular systems in your head and semicircular canals

Back 51

2 sets. 3 semicircular canals per system.

Front 52

what is within the semicircular duct

Back 52

the cupula

Front 53

cupula explain structure

Back 53

gelatenous and covers/blocks of the stereocilia and hair cells from the endolympth

Front 54

cupula function

Back 54

bends due to pressure exerted on it this bends the stereocilia causing mechanically gated ion channels to open and generate an action potential

Front 55

what stimulates depol of stereocilia

Back 55

if they get bent towards the lnogest cilium increases rate of firing

Front 56

what stimulates repol of stereocilia

Back 56

if they bent away from the longest cilium decreases rate of firing

Front 57

if you turn left which way will your left and right ear hair cells bend

Back 57

both right. right less active.

Front 58

if you turn right which way will you left and right hair cells bend

Back 58

both left. left less active.

Front 59

what organs detect linear acceleration

Back 59

otolith organs

Front 60

what are the two otolith organs

Back 60

utricle and saccule

Front 61

is the utricle horizontal or vertical

Back 61

horizontal

Front 62

is the saccule horizontal or vertical

Back 62

vertical

Front 63

what are the weights in the otolith organ

Back 63

caco3 stones

Front 64

central pathway for vestibular

Back 64

axons project to vestibular nuclei in brainstem

info from there used to stabilise eyes and the head

maintain balance via pathways to cerebellum and spinal chord

Front 65

which is faster in maintaining upright posture vestibular or vision

Back 65

vestibular

Front 66

three vestibular disorders

Back 66

vertigo

motion sickness (mismatch)

bedspins (lowers density of cupula)

Front 67

what is light

Back 67

electromagnetic radiation

Front 68

why cant we see part of the electromagnetic spectrum

Back 68

no receptors for it

Front 69

what is the visible spectrum

Back 69

400-750nm

Front 70

what codes for intensity in vision

Back 70

amplitude of ap

Front 71

two basic components of the eye

Back 71

optical and neural component

Front 72

optical component job

Back 72

collecting and focusing light into the plane of the retina

Front 73

neural component job

Back 73

converts energy of light into patterened changes of membrane potential

Front 74

what are the muscles used for moving eyes around in head

Back 74

extraoccular. attached to sclera.

Front 75

vitreous humor where and what is it

Back 75

in posterior chamber and its a transparent protein rich jelly

Front 76

what is the main neural structure of eye

Back 76

retina. part of brain.

Front 77

what is the collections of axons that leave the eye called

Back 77

optic nerve

Front 78

where do the blood vesselS NOT run in the eye

Back 78

they go round the edge NOT IN CENTRE

Front 79

what is the epithelium at the back of the eye called and its function

Back 79

choroid and pigment epithelium. its black to absorb light and stop internal reflection. albinos have white epithelium.

Front 80

lens features

Back 80

avascular and transparent. same shape as mentos.

Front 81

how is the lens attached to the eye

Back 81

attached to zonular fibres to the cillary muscles.

Front 82

modified part of sclera

Back 82

cornea. no blood vessels (avascular and transparent).

Front 83

aqueous humour what and where is it

Back 83

water like substance found in anterior chamber

Front 84

what secretes aqueous humour

Back 84

cillary epithelium on cillary muscle

Front 85

how is aqueous humour drained

Back 85

schlemms canal

Front 86

white fibrous capsule is called the

Back 86

sclera

Front 87

where are a closely packed amount of cones found

Back 87

fovea centralis

Front 88

coloured disk

Back 88

iris

Front 89

hole in iris

Back 89

pupil

Front 90

pupil function

Back 90

controls amout of light let in (intensity)`

Front 91

why does the surface of the eye have to be kept moist

Back 91

bc when light hits eye stuff changes bc air to water which causes refraction which causes changes in speed and direction of light.

Front 92

what type of lens is in the eye

Back 92

converging convex

Front 93

two refractive plates in the eye

Back 93

lens and cornea

Front 94

what is the unit of refractive power

Back 94

diopter

Front 95

1m, 0.5m and 0.1m diopter

Back 95

1, 2 and 10

Front 96

relaxed eye diopter

Back 96

60 focal length about 17mm

Front 97

response to changed length of focal point

Back 97

accomodation, constriction and convergence

Front 98

accomodation faraway

Back 98

the cillary muscle relaxes forcing the centre to be less curved increasing focal length

Front 99

accomodation close

Back 99

cillary muscle contracts curving the lens decreasing the focal length

Front 100

cillary muscle nervous system control

Back 100

parasympathetic nervous system

Front 101

myopia

Back 101

nearsighted (eyeball too long).

Front 102

myopia correction

Back 102

concave diverging lens

Front 103

normal sighted fancy word

Back 103

emmetropia

Front 104

hypermetropia

Back 104

farsighted (eyeball too short)

Front 105

hypermetropia correction

Back 105

convex diverging lens

Front 106

astigmatism

Back 106

aspherical. different amount of refraction in different planes.

Front 107

astigmatism correction

Back 107

cylindrical lens

Front 108

presbyopia

Back 108

lens loses elasticity accomodation falls (old people)

Front 109

presbyopia correction

Back 109

convex

Front 110

cataract

Back 110

lens becomes opaque (replace but cant accomodate after)

Front 111

more cones or rods

Back 111

rods

Front 112

where are cones found

Back 112

fovea

Front 113

where are rods found

Back 113

retina

Front 114

are rods or cones colour sensitive

Back 114

cones

Front 115

do rods or cones require light

Back 115

cones

Front 116

phototransduction rods membrane spanning component

Back 116

rhodopsin

Front 117

phototransduction cones membrane spanning component

Back 117

photopsin (s blue m green or l red)

Front 118

photoreceptors chromophore

Back 118

retinal

Front 119

light phototransduction

Back 119

light energy (photons)

retinal changed (to active all-trans isoform)

transducin activates cGMP phosphodiesterase

cGMP phosphodiesterase breaks down cGMP

cGMP gated channels close

less na influx

photoreceptor hyperpolarized

less glutamate released onto bipolar cells

Front 120

photoreceptors graded or action potentials?

Back 120

graded

Front 121

blue light wave

Back 121

420

Front 122

rods light wave

Back 122

500nm

Front 123

green cones light wave

Back 123

531nm

Front 124

red cones light wave

Back 124

558nm

Front 125

visual objects in left of space processed

Back 125

in right of brain

Front 126

visual pathway

Back 126

ganglion cells send axons to visual centres in brain

Front 127

where do axons leave the retina

Back 127

optic disc

Front 128

where do nasal retina axons cross in the visual pathway

Back 128

optic chiasm

Front 129

difference between nasal and temporal retina

Back 129

nasal is side closer to nose and temporal is the outer side closer to ears

Front 130

do temporal retina axons cross

Back 130

NO ipsilateral not contralateral

Front 131

ganglion cells four subcortical visual

Back 131

superior colliculus, lateral geniculate nucleus, pretectum and suprachiasmatic nucleus.

Front 132

superior colliculus function

Back 132

concerned with eye movements and orientation to visual stimuli

Front 133

lateral geniculate nucleus function

Back 133

concerned with the sensation of vision

Front 134

pretectum function

Back 134

control of pupils

Front 135

suprchiasmatic nucleus

Back 135

control of diurnal rhythyms

Front 136

ganglion cells in retina function

Back 136

send info to brain for further processing

Front 137

order of cells from front of retina to back

Back 137

ganglion, amacrine, bipolar, horizontal, cone then rod.