Special Senses

Front 1

What do the first order neuron of the sensory pathways starting at receptor do?

Back 1

(PNS) Sensory fiber carry impulses to spinal cord/brainstem

Front 2

What do the second order neuron of the sensory pathway starting at the receptor do?

Back 2

(CNS) Sensory fibers carry impulses up spinal cord/brainstem to thalamus

Front 3

Where do the second order neuron sensory fibers carry impulses to?

Back 3

Thalamus

Front 4

What do third order neuron of the sensory pathway starting at the receptors do?

Back 4

(CNS) Sensory fibers carry impulses from thalamus to appropriate lobe of cerebrum

Front 5

What is sensory adaptation?

Back 5

Threshold changes for a stimulus to create an action potential in receptors. Tolerance occurs and greater stimulus is needed.

Front 6

General receptors are spread throughout ___.

Back 6

the body (skin, muscle, organs, etc.)

Front 7

Special sense receptors are found ____

Back 7

concentrated in complex organs located in head.

Front 8

What is a receptive field?

Back 8

The area monitored by a single receptor cell is its receptive field.

Front 9

The ___ a receptive field the more accurate the area of stimulus

Back 9

smaller

Front 10

What are the five receptor types?

Back 10

1. Mechanoreceptors

2. Thermoreceptors

3. Chemoreceptors

4. Photoreceptors

5. Nocireceptors

Front 11

What are mechanoreceptors?

Back 11

Detect mechanical or physical changes such as touch, vibration, pressure, or stretch

Front 12

what is proprioceptor?

Back 12

Detects position of body in space

Front 13

What is thermoreceptors?

Back 13

Detect heat or cold within range

Front 14

What are chemoreceptors?

Back 14

Detects chemical changes (molecules dissolved in fluid).

Front 15

What are chemoreceptors used for?

Back 15

Taste, smell

Front 16

What are photoreceptors?

Back 16

detects photons (light)

Front 17

What are nociceptors?

Back 17

Detects tissue damage and pain

Front 18

What is the most complex special sense organ?

Back 18

Vision

Front 19

What are the two photoreceptors?

Back 19

Rods and cones

Front 20

What do cones detect?

Back 20

Color (red, green, blue)

Front 21

What do rods detect?

Back 21

Light/dark

Front 22

Impulses for vision are sent to ___ lobe

Back 22

occipital

Front 23

What are the three layers of the eye?

Back 23

1. Fibrous tunic

2. Vascular tunic

3. Nervous tunic

Front 24

What are the two layers of the fibrous tunic?

Back 24

Cornea and sclera

Front 25

What inserts into the sclera?

Back 25

Sex extra-ocular muscles

Front 26

The sclera contains ___ and ___

Back 26

small blood vessels, nerves

Front 27

The cornea is made up of ____

Back 27

stratified squamos epithelium and dense matrix of multiple layers of collagen fibers.

Front 28

The sclera appears ___ the cornea appears ___

Back 28

white (white of the eye), transparent

Front 29

What are the three components of the vascular tunic?

Back 29

1. Choroid

2. Lens

3. Ciliary body

Front 30

What is the choroid?

Back 30

Pigmented layer that absorbs light

Front 31

What is the iris?

Back 31

The colored, muscular ball; focuses image on retina

Front 32

What is the ciliary body?

Back 32

Muscular ring used to adjust shape of lens; secretes aqueous humor

Front 33

What does the canal of Schlemm do?

Back 33

Absorbs aqueous humor

Front 34

What happens in glaucoma?

Back 34

Due to increased ocular pressure. The fluid in the eye (aqueous humor) does not reabsorb adequately.

Front 35

What may cause glaucoma to occur?

Back 35

High blood pressure, diabetes, surgery, family history

Front 36

What may glaucoma damage?

Back 36

Optic nerve and retina (loss of peripheral vision, or blindness)

Front 37

What is the nervous tunic also known as?

Back 37

Retina

Front 38

What is found in the nervous tunic?

Back 38

Photoreceptors, optic disc, and fovea

Front 39

What is the optic disc?

Back 39

"blindspot" optic nerve axons exit orbit; no photo receptors here.

Front 40

What is the fovea?

Back 40

Focal point. Concentration of cones at back of eye

Front 41

Back 41

Palpabrae

Front 42

Back 42

Palpabrae fissure

Front 43

Back 43

Cornea

Front 44

Back 44

Lacrimal gland

Front 45

Back 45

Nasolacrimal duct

Front 46

Back 46

Sclera

Front 47

Back 47

Lens

Front 48

Back 48

Iris

Front 49

Back 49

Pupil

Front 50

Back 50

Ciliary body

Front 51

Back 51

Ora serrata

Front 52

Back 52

Vitreous humor

Front 53

Back 53

Aqueous humor

Front 54

Back 54

Posterior segment

Front 55

Back 55

Anterior segment

Front 56

Back 56

Choroid

Front 57

Back 57

Retina

Front 58

Back 58

Optic disc

Front 59

Back 59

Optic nerve

Front 60

What does the lacrimal apparatus do?

Back 60

Keeps a constant flow of tears that keep surface moist and clean

Front 61

How do the sclera and cornea differ?

Back 61

Sclera is vascular, dense fibrous CT containing collagen and elastic fibers. All the extra ocular muscles insert into sclera

Cornea is composed of dense matrix of collagen fibers, avascular, transparent and continous with the sclera. Is covered by stratified squamos epithelium.

Front 62

What is the functional significance of the macula lutea?

Back 62

Most of the cones are concentrated in macula lutea (area where visual image arrives after passing through cornea and lens).

Front 63

What is the functional significance of the fovea centralis?

Back 63

Central portion of macula lutea where highest concentration of cones are found

Front 64

What is the action of the inferior rectus?

Back 64

Move eys inferiorly

Front 65

What is the action of the medial rectus?

Back 65

Move eyes medially

Front 66

What is the action of the superior rectus?

Back 66

Move eyes superiorly

Front 67

What is the action of the lateral rectus?

Back 67

move eyes laterally

Front 68

What is the action of the inferior oblique?

Back 68

Move eyes superiorly and laterally

Front 69

What is the action of the superior oblique?

Back 69

Move eyes inferiorly and laterally

Front 70

What muscle is involved when the pupil dilates (gets bigger)?

Back 70

Pupillary dilator muscle (radial)

Front 71

What muscle is involved when the pupil constricts?

Back 71

Pupillary constrictor muscle

Front 72

Back 72

Auricle

Front 73

Back 73

External acoustic meatus

Front 74

Back 74

Tympanic membrane

Front 75

Back 75

Ossicles

Front 76

Back 76

Malleus

Front 77

Back 77

Incus

Front 78

Back 78

Stapes

Front 79

Back 79

Oval window

Front 80

Back 80

Round window

Front 81

Back 81

Pharyngotympanic tube

Front 82

Describe the action of the tensor tympani

Back 82

When it contracts, the malleus is pulled medially, stiffening the tympanium and reduces amount of movement

Front 83

Describe the action of the stapedius muscle.

Back 83

Contraction pulls the stapes, reducing movement of stapes at oral window.

Front 84

Back 84

Vestibule

Front 85

Back 85

Utricle

Front 86

Back 86

Saccule

Front 87

Back 87

Maculae

Front 88

Back 88

Semicircular canal

Front 89

Back 89

Ampullae

Front 90

Back 90

Cristae ampullaris

Front 91

What type of sensory information stimulates the vestibule?

Back 91

Gravity and linear acceleration

Front 92

What type of sensory information stimulates the semicircular canals?

Back 92

Rotation of the head

Front 93

What structures make up the external ear?

Back 93

The auricle and the external acoustic meatus

Front 94

What structures make up the middle ear?

Back 94

Tympanic membrane and cavity, the auditory ossicles (malleous, incus, stapes), and the oval and round window.

Front 95

The inner ear is made of canals embedded in what bone?

Back 95

Temporal

Front 96

What is the structure in the inner ear responsible for hearing?

Back 96

Cochlea

Front 97

What structure in the inner ear is responsible for equilibrium?

Back 97

Vestibule

Front 98

What type of receptors are found in the cochlea?

Back 98

Mechanoreceptors

Front 99

How are the (auditory) vibrations transmitted?

Back 99

Outer ear (ear drum) -> middle ear bones -> fluid in inner ear -> bend receptors in cochlea

Front 100

Where are the hearing impulses sent to?

Back 100

Temporal bone

Front 101

Where type of receptors are located in the inner ear responsible for equilibrium and where are those receptors located in?

Back 101

Mechanoreceptors located in semicircular canals and vestibule

Front 102

What happens within the inner ear when head or body position moves?

Back 102

Fluid moves

Front 103

Where are the impulses sent from the mechanoreceptor in the vestibules and semicircular canals?

Back 103

Cerebellum

Front 104

What is held within cochlear duct?

Back 104

Spiral organs/receptor cells

Front 105

What part of the ear begins to amplify sounds?

Back 105

Middle ear

Front 106

What part of the inner ear is responsible for dynamic equilibrium?

Back 106

Semicircular duct

Front 107

What part of the inner ear is responsible for static equilibrium?

Back 107

Utricle and saccule

Front 108

Utricle and saccule are responsible for ___ equilibrum

Back 108

Static

Front 109

Semicircular ducts are responsible for ___ equilibrium

Back 109

dynamic

Front 110

What type of receptors does the olfactory system use?

Back 110

Chemoreceptors

Front 111

Where are the receptors found for the olfactory system?

Back 111

Mucus membrane, specifically found in 1-inch path at roof of nasal cavity

Front 112

Where are the impulses sent from the olfactory system?

Back 112

Temporal lobe

Front 113

What type of receptors are used for gustation?

Back 113

Chemoreceptors

Front 114

Where are the receptors found for gustation?

Back 114

Most on tongue papillae and some on cheeks, palate, throat, and larynx

Front 115

How many different cranial nerves detect taste?

Back 115

3

Front 116

What other special sense does the gustation system work in conjunction with?

Back 116

Olfactory

Front 117

Where are the gustation impulses sent to?

Back 117

Parietal lobe

Front 118

What are the three cranial nerves involved with gustation?

Back 118

Facial nerve (N VII), Glossopharyngeal nerve (N IX), and the Vagus nerve (N X)

Front 119

What are the three cranial nerves involved with gustation?

Back 119

Facial nerve, glossopharyngeal nerve, and vagus nerve

Front 120

Describe the arrangement of cells in the retina from where the light hits to the deeper layers

Back 120

1. Light hits Ganglion cells that face the vitreous chamber

2. Bipolar cells

3. Rods and cones band around periphery posterior retinal surface

Front 121

What fluid is found in the vestibular ducts?

Back 121

Perilymph

Front 122

What fluid is found in the cochlear duct?

Back 122

Endolymph