Special Senses Receptors + Eye

Front 1

sensory receptors:

Back 1

Exteroceptors

Proprioceptors

Interoceptors

Front 2

EXTEROCEPTORS

Back 2

near body surface
for external stimuli:

temperature

touch

pressure

pain

(general somatic afferent)

other specialized in:

light

sound

(special somatic afferent)

smell and taste- unique nerve endings

Front 3

PROPRIOCEPTORS

Back 3

in joints capsules, tendons, intrafusal fibers within muscles

general somatic afferent

awareness of the body in space, movement,

vestibular (balance) mechanism (inner ear)

Front 4

INTEROCEPTORS

Back 4

sensory information from organs

general visceral afferent

Front 5

PERIPHERAL RECEPTORS

Back 5

Mechanoreceptors -touch

Thermoreceptors -tamperature

Nociceptors-pain

Front 6

Mechanoreceptors divide :

Back 6

Nonencapsulated- simple unmyelinated skin,CT, hair follicle

Encapsulated -specific locations, characteristic structure

Front 7

Nonencapsulated

Back 7

Peritricial nerve endings (cornea, hair follicle)

Merkel's disks <3 Merkel cells (stratum basale)

Front 8

Encapsulated Mechanorecetors:

Back 8

Meissner's corpuscle (tactile discrimination) dermal papilla of palms, lips, nipples, sole, eyelids

Pacinian corpuscle (joints, periosteum, mesentery) pressure, vibration, touch

onion like, surrounded by fibroblasts

Front 9

Encapsulated Mechanoreceptors CD:

Back 9

Ruffni's endings (corpuscles) dermis, nail beds, periodontal ligg. joint capsules <3 fibroblasts

pressure, stretching

Krause's end bulbs F=?

Front 10

Encapsulated mechanoreceptors CD2 :

Back 10

Muscle spindles

Golgi tendon organs

unconscious levels- muscle position

Front 11

Termoreceptors

Back 11

warmth receptors

cold receptors

temperature sensitive receptors

naked, unmyelinated fibers

Front 12

Nociceptors

Back 12

respond to:

pain -mechanical stress,

extremes T,

cytokines : bradykinin, serotonin, histamine

naked myelinated nerve fibres

Front 13

EYE BULB

Back 13

three tunics:

fibrous- outer coat

vascular- pigmented and vascular middle coat

neural- retina innermost

Front 14

eye development:

Back 14

from 4th week

retina and optic nerve first

surface ectoderm -lens

Front 15

TUNICA FIBROSA =

Back 15

SCLERA + CORNEA

Front 16

SCLERA composition:

Back 16

white, opaque(nieprzejrzysta), composed of type I collagen, elastic fibers

nearly devoid of blood vessels,

Front 17

devoid of-

Back 17

pozbawiony

Front 18

cells in the sclera

Back 18

fibroblasts in CT (elongated, flat)

melanocytes in deeper regions

tendons--capsule of Tendon- covers optic nerve and orb (ciliary region)

Front 19

EPISCLERA

Back 19

region which separates the orb from the periorbital fat thin layer of CT

Front 20

CORNEA

Back 20

transparent bulging anterion 1/6 of the orb

avascular

highly innervated

thicker than sclera 5 layers

Front 21

5 layers of CORNEA:

Back 21

Corneal epithelium

Bowman's membrane

Stroma

Descement's membrane

Corneal endothelium

Front 22

conjunctiva-

Back 22

mucous membrane covering the anterior sclera and lining the internal surface of the eyelids

Front 23

Corneal epithelium-

Back 23

continuation of the conjunctiva

stratified squamous nonkeratinized epithelium

mitotic activity-

transfer of ions and H2O from Stroma to conjunctival sac

Front 24

Bowman's membrane-

Back 24

type I collagen

between corneal epithelium and stroma

Front 25

Stroma

Back 25

the thickest 90%

collagen I, elastic fibers, ground substance

fibroblast are present

during inflammation lymphocytes, neutrophils

Front 26

limbus-

Back 26

screlocorneal junction

Front 27

trabecular meshwork

Back 27

endothelium lined spaces that lead to canal of Schlemm

Front 28

canal of Schlemm-

Back 28

is the site of the outflow of the aqueous humor from the anterior chamber to the venous system

Front 29

Descemet's membrane

Back 29

thick basement membrane between stroma and corneal endothelium

in older hexagonal fibers

Front 30

Corneal endothelium

Back 30

simple squamous epithelium

F: secreting proteins

pinocytotic vesicles

ion pumps

stroma dehydrated -resorption

Front 31

TUNICA VASCULOSA divide:

Back 31

Choroid

Ciliary Body

Iris

Front 32

CHROID

Back 32

pigmented

posterior portion of the middle vascular tunic

loosely attached to sclera

well-vascularized

fibroblasts, melanocytes

Front 33

choroid is separated from retina by...

Back 33

BRUCH's MEMBRANE (central region)

Front 34

choriocapillary layer-

Back 34

abounded with small blood vessels, inner surface of choroid that gives nutrients to the retina

Front 35

Bruch's membrane - composition

Back 35

network of elastic fibers sandwiched on both sides by collagen fibers, covered by basal lamina that belongs to the capillaries and pigmented epithelium of the retina on the other side

Front 36

Ciliary body-

Back 36

wedge-shaped (klinowe) portion of the choroid, located in the lumen between the iris and vitreous body, projecting toward the lens

Front 37

ciliary processes-

Back 37

medial surface of the ciliary body that project to the lens, short, finger-like

Front 38

inner surface of ciliary body is lined by...

Back 38

pars ciliaris of the retina- a pigment layer

Front 39

pars ciliaris of the retina layers :

Back 39

outer- nonpigmented ciliary epithelium (columnar)

inner- pigmented ciliary epithelium (simple columnar)

Front 40

fibrilin- zonule fibers that radiate from ciliary processes to lens capsule form...

Back 40

SUSPENSORY LIGAMENTS OF THE LENS - anchor lens in place

Front 41

nonpigmented layer transports aqueous humor to the posterior chamber from where...

Back 41

aqueous humor goes to anterior chamber passing through pupillary aperture between iris and lens

to Schemm canal and than venous system

Front 42

aqueous humor F:

Back 42

providing nutrients and oxygen for lens and cornea

Front 43

smooth muscle cells- ciliary muscles -

Back 43

one bundle stretch the choroid - opening of Schemm canal

Two other reduce tension, when stretch pressure on suspensory lig of lens making accomondation

Front 44

GLAUCOMA

Back 44

increased pressure on the optic nerve and vessels caused by failure of drainage of aqueous humor from anterior chamber

Front 45

Iris-

Back 45

colored anterior extension of the choroid

it's contraction controls pupillary aperture

Front 46

Iris location

Back 46

between anterior and posterior chamber, covering the lens except the pupil

Front 47

Iris anterior zones:

Back 47

pupillary zona

ciliary zone

(contractile rings)

Front 48

Iris posterior:

Back 48

2 layers of retina epithelium

Front 49

dilator pupillae muscle

Back 49

myoepithelial- as a extension of the epithelial cells facing the stroma of iris extensions

symphatetic nervous system

dilation of the pupil

Front 50

sphincter pupillae muscle

Back 50

near contractile ring around the pupil

(amount of light)

parasymphatetic fibers from the oculomotor nerve CN III

conctraction of the pupil

Front 51

LENS

Back 51

transparent biconvex disk located directly behind the pupil focuses light rays on the retina, flexible

Front 52

parts of lens:

Back 52

lens capsule type IV collagen + glycoprotein refracts light

subcapsular epithelium single layer of cuboidal cells that comunicate via gap junctions only anterioly

lens fibers deep will form hexagonal cells filled with crystallins

Front 53

Presbyopia

Back 53

inability of eye to focus on the near objects- accommondation, age related decrease of lens elasticity

Front 54

Cataract

Back 54

age-related lens becomes opaque (nieprzejrzysta) due to pigment accumulation or UV

Front 55

VITREOUS BODY

Back 55

transparent, gel,fills the eye cavity behind the lens 99% H2O, electrolytes collagen, hyaluronic acid

occasionaly macrophages and HYALOCYTES- synthesis of collagen and hyaluronic acid

Front 56

NEURAL TUNIC =

Back 56

RETINA with it's 10 layers, posses special photoreceptors (rods and cones)

Front 57

RETINA

Back 57

inner most layer, develops from optic cup- outer pigmented layer

inner layer of optic cup- retina proper

Front 58

OPTIC DISK- exit site for the optic nerve, contains no photoreceptor cells it is insensitive to light it is called...

Back 58

BLIND SPOT of the retina

Front 59

laterally to the optic disk (blind spot) we have yellow pigmented zone called...

Back 59

MACULA LUTEA- yellow spot

Front 60

in the center of the yellow spot- macula lutea we have an oval depression called ...

Back 60

FOVEA CENTRALIS

Front 61

FOVEA CENTRALIS is a space where...

Back 61

the visual acuity is the greatest !!!

Front 62

fovea centralis contains only....

Back 62

CONES tightly packed

Front 63

from the optic disk to the ora serrata we have 10 distinct layers of retina...

Back 63

1.Pigment epithelium

2.Layer of rods and cones

3.External outer limiting membrane

4.Outer nuclear layer

5.Outer plexiform layer

6.Inner nuclear layer

7.Inner plexuform layer

8.Ganglion cell layer

9.Optic nerve fiber layer

10.Inner limiting membrane

Front 64

PIGMENTED EPITHELIUM

Back 64

from outer optic cup, cuboidal to columnar cells, basally nuclei, attached to the Bruch's membrane (between choroid and pigment cells)

the most distinctive feature of the pigmented cell layer is abundance of melanin granules in apical portions

Front 65

pigmented epithelium functions:

Back 65

absorb light

phagocytose spent membranous disks from the tips of photoreceptor cells

estrification of vit A

Front 66

blood-retina barrier is formed by:

Back 66

desmosomes, zonulae occludentes, zonulae adherentes

Front 67

jolt

Back 67

wstrząs, szarpnięcie

Front 68

detachment of the retina

Back 68

when pigmental epithelial cells detach from the rods and cones tips

Front 69

Layer of RODS and CONES

Back 69

polarized cells with apical portion known as outer segment surrounded by pigment cells

bases of the rod and cones form synapses with the underlying cells of bipolar layer

Front 70

how many rods do I have ?

Back 70

100-120 milions

Front 71

how many cones do I have?

Back 71

6 miliones

Front 72

RODS specialization :

Back 72

perceiving dim light

(dim ciemny, przygaszony)

Front 73

CONES specialization

Back 73

perceiving bright light and color

^ -zobaczyć, dostrzegać

Front 74

rod outer segment is elongated it contains a lot of:

Back 74

RHODOPSIN- visual purple

Front 75

RHODOPSIN-visual purple is ...

Back 75

LIGHT SENSITIVE PIGMENT

Front 76

inner segment of the rod is separated from the outer by constriction called:

Back 76

CONNECTING STALK

Front 77

ROD is modified cilium because ...

Back 77

it is lack of microtubules

Front 78

CONES-

Back 78

activated by bright light, produce greater visual acuity compared with rods

Front 79

types of cones

Back 79

three:

(depending on their max sensitivity to the colors: red, green, blue) and different residents in opsins

11-cis retinal is the same

Front 80

all CONES contain photopigment called:

Back 80

IODOPSIN

Front 81

recycling of the cones photopigment dosen't require the retina pigment cells for processing where...

Back 81

in rods it does!

Front 82

disks of cones are attached to the palsmalemma where

Back 82

disks of rods are separated from the plasma membrane

Front 83

External outer limiting membrane-

Back 83

is not a membrane, it is zonula adherentes between Muller cells (modified neuroglial cells) and photoreceptors

Front 84

Outer nuclear layer

Back 84

occupied by nuclei of rods and cones

Front 85

Outer plexiform layer =

Back 85

Axodendritic synapses localization

flat synapses

inva

synaptic ribbon containing neurotransmitters

Front 86

Inner nuclear layer

Back 86

nuclei of bipolar, horizontal , amacrine and Muller cells compose inner nuclear layer

Front 87

Bipolar neurons

Back 87

between phoroteceptors and ganglion cells, permitting signals specially low light intensity

axons of bipolar cells synapse with dendrites of ganglionic cells

Front 88

Horizontal cells

Back 88

F modulate synaptic activity

between photoreceptor cells and bipolar cells

in inner nuclear layer

Front 89

Amacrine cells

Back 89

inner inner nuclear layer

dendrites exit and terminate on synaptic complexes between bipolar and ganglion cells

synapse on inner plaxiform cells

support the transfer of information

Front 90

Muller cells

Back 90

neuroglial cells between vitreous body and inner segments of rods and cones

form zonulae adherentes with photoreceptor cells

posses microvilli on the apical surface

support cells of neural retina

Front 91

Inner plexiform layer

Back 91

processes of amacrine, bipolar, ganglion cells

axodendritic synapses between axons of bipolar calls and dendrites of ganglion cells and amacrine cells also

dyad

synaptic ribbon with neurotransmiter

Front 92

Ganglion cell layer

Back 92

large multipolar neurons of ganglion cells

axon pass to the brain

hyperpolaryzation of rods and cones activate them

Front 93

Optic nerve fiber layer

Back 93

unmyelinated axons of the ganglion cells----> myelinated as nerve pierces the sclera

Front 94

Inner Limiting membrane

Back 94

composed by basal laminae of the Muller cells

Front 95

CONJUNCTIVA

Back 95

transparent mucous membrane

palpebral conjunctiva- inner surface of the eyelids

bulbar conjunctiva- covers sclera of anterior portion of eye

Front 96

CONJUNCTIVA composition :

Back 96

stratified columnar epithelium

goblet cells, basal lamina, lamina propria composed of loose CT

goblet cells ---> tear film

Front 97

glands of Moll

Back 97

modified sweat glands, that open into eyelash follicles

Front 98

Meibomian glands

Back 98

modified sebaceous glands in tarsus of lid

---->tear film

Front 99

glands of ZEIS

Back 99

modified sebaceous glands associated with eyelashes

Front 100

LACRIMAL APPARATUS content:

Back 100

lacrimal gland

lacrimal punctum

lacrimal canaliculi

lacrimal sac

nasolacrimal duct

to the inferior nasal meatus