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71 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Rhinitis/Sinusitis
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Recognition Anticipation Etiology
1. Mucopurulent nasal discharge 1. Acute rhinitis: 2. Fibrinopurulent exudate with fungal hyphae a. Canine distemper virus 3. Granulomas in mucosa b. Canine adenovirus 1 and 2 c. Canine parainfluenza virus d. Reovirus e. Canine herpesvirus 2. Secondary bacterial rhinitis: a. Bordetella bronchiseptica b. Escherichia coli c. Pasteurella multocida 3. Fungal causes: a. Mycelial forms: i. Aspergillus spp. ii. Penicillium spp. b. Yeast forms: i. Cryptococcus neoformans ii. Rhinosporidium seeberi |
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Tracheal Agenesis and Tracheal Hypoplasia
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Recognition
Tracheal lumen decreased throughout length Etiology Hereditary |
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Tracheal Collapse
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Recognition
1. Dorsoventral flattening of trachea 2. Widening of the dorsal tracheal membrane 3. Prolapse ventrally into lumen 4. Usually entire length of trachea |
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Canine Infectious Tracheobronchitis
(Kennel cough) |
Recognition
Suppurative tracheobronchitis Etiology 1. Bordetella bronchiseptica 2. Canine adenovirus 2 3. Canine parainfluenza virus 4. Environment: a. Poor ventilation b. Stress |
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Sterile Thromboemboli
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Recognition
Pulmonary infarction Etiology 1. Dirofilaria immiitis 2. Hyperadrenocorticism 3. Hyperthyroidism 4. Glomerulopathies 5. Hypercoagulable states |
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Canine Adenovirus
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Recognition
1. Bronchointerstitial pneumonia 2. Necrosis of bronchiolar and alveolar epithelium 3. Edema 4. Infectious tracheobronchitis complex (kennel cough) Etiology Canine Adenovirus Type 2 |
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Canine Herpesvirus
(Fading puppy syndrome) |
Recognition
1. Interstitial pneumonia 2. Newborn puppies 3. Hypothermia 4. Anterioventral portions affected Etiology Canine Herpesvirus |
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Canine Distemper
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Recognition
1. Catarrhal to mucopurulent nasopharyngitis and conjunctivitis 2. Diffuse interstitial pneumonia 3. Edema Etiology 1. Morbillivirus 2. Secondary infections: a. Bordetella bronchiseptica b. Mycoplasmas Pathogenesis 1. Enters upper respiratory tract 2. Proliferates in all lymphoid tissues 3. Viremia 4. Inadequate immune response a. Infects nearly all body tissues b. Tropism for epithelial cells c. Forms inclusion bodies |
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Bacterial Pneumonias
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Recognition
1. Lobar pattern 2. Consolidated Etiology 1. Primary viral injury 2. Secondary bacterial: a. Pasteurella multocida b. Streptococcus spp. c. Escherichia coli d. Klebsiella pneumoniae e. Bordetella bronchiseptica f. Tuberculosis Pathogenesis 1. Pulmonary defense mechanisms impaired due to primary viral or environmental injury |
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Opportunistic Mycotic Pneumonias
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Recognition
1. Pulmonary pyogranulomas 2. Granulomatous pneumonia a. Necrosis b. Vasculitis c. Fungal hyphae Etiology Aspergillus fumigatus Pathogenesis Inhalation |
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Systemic Mycotic Pneumonia
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Recognition
1. Granulomatous pneumonia a. Multiple firm nodules 2. Generalized lymphandenopathy 3. Cutaneous lesions Etiology 1. Blastomyces dermatitidis 2. Histoplasma capsulatum 3. Coccidioides immitis 4. Cryptococcus neoformans Pathogenesis 1. Fungus in soils 2. Inhalation of spores 3. Disseminated hematogenously to other organs |
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Toxoplasmosis
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Recognition
1. Necrosis 2. Severe, multifocal necrotizing interstitial pneumonia a. Proliferation of Type II pneumocytes b. Infiltrates of macrophages and neutrophils 3. Fluid-filled lungs 4. White, discrete foci Etiology Toxoplasma gondii Pathogenesis Triggered by immune suppression |
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Uremic Pneumonopathy
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Recognition
1. Pulmonary alveolar edema 2. Calcification of vascular smooth muscle 3. Calcification of alveolar walls a. Prevents collapse of lung 4. Diffusely distended 5. Pink or red 6. Rough pleural surface with rib imprints 7. Gritty texture Pathogenesis 1. Renal disease 2. Results in mineral (Ca) imbalances |
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Pleural Calcification
(Frosting) |
Recognition
1. Linear white streaks in parietal pleura a. Over intercostal muscles of cranial part of thoracic cavity b. Not functionally significant Etiology Chronic Uremia |
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Feline viral rhinotracheitis
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Recognition
1. Oculonasal discharges 2. Severe rhinitis 3. Conjunctivitis Anticipation Secondary bacterial rhinitis/sinusitis pneumonia Etilogy Feline herpesvirus (FHV-1) |
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Feline calcivirus
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Recognition
1. Mild to severe rhinitis 2. Mucopurulent conjunctivitis Anticipation Secondary bacterial rhinitis/sinusitis pneumonia |
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Feline Chlamydiosis
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Recognition
Serous or mucopurulent rhinitis Etiology Chamydia psittaci (felis) |
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Mild Feline Rhinitis
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Recognition
Mild Rhinitis Etiology Mycoplasma felis |
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Mycotic Rhinitis
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Recognition
1. Nasal granulomas 2. Mucopurulent exudate Etiology Cryptococcus neoformans |
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Laryngeal Edema
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Recognition
1. Laryngeal mucosa is thickened and swollen 2. Protrudes dorsally into epiglottis 3. Gelatinous appearance Etiology Systemic Anaphylaxis |
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Bacterial Pneumonias
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Recognition
1. Pulmonary granulomas 2. Cutaneous granulomas Etiology 1. Pasteurella multocida 2. Mycoplasmas 3. Mycobacterium bovis 4. Mycobacterium tuberculosis 5. Mycobacterium avium |
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Mycotic Pneumonias
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Recognition
1. Systemic mycosis 2. Multifocal granulomatous pneumonia Etiology Cryptococcus neoformans |
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Parasitic Pneumonicas
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Recognition
1. Multifocal, amber, subpleural nodules a. Up to 1 cm in diameter 2. Granulomatous nodules a. Contain eggs and larvae b. Turbid, viscous exudate Etiology 1. Aehurostrongylus abstrusus 2. Toxoplasma gondii 3. Paragonimus kellicotti 4. Dirofilaria immitis |
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Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis
(Red Nose) |
Recognition
1. Hyperemia 2. Focal necrosis of tracheal and bronchial mucosa Etiology Bovine herpesvirus-1 |
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Ovine/caprine Rhinitis/sinusitis
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Recognition
1. First stage larvae in nostrils 2. Septal deviation Etiology Oestrus ovis Pathogenesis 1. Flies lay eggs in nostrils 2. First-stage larvae in nostrils 3. Larvae mature into large bots |
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Enzootic Ethmoidal Tumors
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Recognition
1. Nasal carcinoma of ethmoidal conchae 2. Invasive (but not metastatic) Etiology Retroviruses |
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Tracheal Collapse
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Recognition
1. Dorsoventral flattening of trachea 2. Widening of the dorsal tracheal membrane 3. Prolapse ventrally into lumen 4. Usually entire length of trachea |
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Laryngeal Edema
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Recognition
1. Laryngeal mucosa is thickened and swollen 2. Protrudes dorsally into epiglottis 3. Gelatinous appearance Etiology Acute interstitial pneumonia |
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Necrotic Laryngitis
(Calf diphtheria, laryngeal necrobacillosis) |
Recogitioin
1. Lesions of tongue, gingiva, cheeks, palate, and pharynx 2. Well-demarcated, dry, yellow-gray, thick-crusted, necrotic areas 3. Deep ulceration can develop 4. Healing by granulation tissue formation Etiology 1. Fusobacterium necrophorum 2. Nutritional deficiencies 3. Unsanitary conditions 4. Concurrent infection Pathogenesis 1. Initial mucosal damage 2. Traumatic injury 3. Exotoxins and endotoxins |
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Interstitial Emphysema
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Recognition
1. Thick interlobular septa 2. Lack of collateral ventilation |
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Enzootic Pneumonia
(Calf pneumonia; viral pneumonia) |
Recognition
1. Young, overcrowded calves 2. Primary phase (viral) a. Bronchointerstitial pneumonia: i. Necrotizing bronchiolitis ii. Necrosis of type I pneumocytes iii. Hyperplasia of type II pneumocytes iv. Mild interstitial and alveolar edema 3. Secondary phase (bacterial): a. Suppurative bronchopneumonia i. Creamy-mucoid exudate in airways ii. Pulmonary abscesses iii. Bronchiectasis Etiology 1. Viral: a. PI-3 virus b. BRSV c. Adenoviruses d. BHV-1 e. Reoviruses f. Rhinoviruses 2. Mycoplasmas 3. Bacterial: a. Pasteurella multocida b. Arcanobacterium pyogenes c. Hemophilus somnus d. Escherichia coli Pathogenesis 1. Acute respiratory infection resulting in impairment of pulmonary defense mechanisms 2. Secondary agents cause suppurative bronchopneumonia 3. Poor ventilation 4. High humidity |
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Pneumonic Pasteurellosis
(Shipping fever) |
Recognition
1. Acute respiratory disease 2. Several days-weeks post-shipping 3. Severe fibrinous bronchopneumonia a. Fibrinous pleuritis b. Pleural effusion c. Cranioventral distribution d. Interlobular septa distended i. Yellow, gelatinous edema ii. Fibrin e. Necrotic lobules i. Coagulation necrosis ii. Interlobular interstitial edema iii. Congestion Etiology 1. Primary viral: a. IBR b. PI3 c. BRSV 2. Secondary bacterial: a. Mannheimia hemolytica Pathogenesis 1. Initial stressors impair defense mechanisms 2. Primary viral infection 3. Secondary bacterial infection a. Leukotoxin binds to and kills macrophages and neutrophils b. Tissue and endothelial cell injury |
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Respiratory Hemophilosis
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Recognitiong
1. Suppurative and fibrinous bronchopneumonia 2. Indistinguishable from pneumonic pasteurellosis Etiolgoy Haemophilus somnus Pathogenesis 1. Pre-disposing factors include: a. Stress b. Primary viral infection |
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Tuberculosis
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Recognition
1. Granulomatous pneumonia 2. Few or many caseated granulomas 3. Tubercles enlarge and confluent 4. Mononuclear cells (granulomatous) a. Epitheliod and Langerhan's giant cells b. Lymphocytes, plasma cells, and macrophages Etiology Mycobacterium tuberculosis |
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Viral Pneumonia
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Recognition
1. Rubbery, firm lungs 2. Atelectasis/consolidation 3. Red Etiology Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus |
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Acute Bovine Pulmonary Edema and Emphysema (ABPE)
(Fog fever) |
Recognition
1. Diffuse interstitial pneumonia 2. Severe alveolar and interstitial edema 3. Interlobular emphysema 4. Enlarged, pale, rubbery Etiology 1. L-tryptophan 2. 4-ipomcanol 3. Purple mint 4. Rapeseed and kale Pathogenesis 1. L-tryptophan present in lush, green pastures 2. Metabolized in rumen to 3-methylindole 3. Absorbed into bloodstream 4. Carried to lungs 5. Mixed function oxidases: a. Nonciliated bronchiolar epithelial cells (Clara cells) b. Type II pneumocytes 6. 3-methylindole metabolized to pneumotoxic compound |
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Extrinsic Allergic Alveolitis
(Hypersensitivity pneumonitis) |
Recognition
1. Adult dairy cows in winter 2. Exudate 3. Hyaline membranes Etiology 1. Thermophilic actinomycetes 2. Saccharopolyspora rectivirgula Pathogenesis 1. Type III HST reaction to inhaled organic antigens 2. Local deposition of ag-ab complexes |
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Verminous pneumonia
(Verminous bronchitis) |
Recognition
1. Severe bronchial irritation 2. Bronchitis 3. Pulmonary edema 4. Lobular atelectasis a. Large, dark or grey b. Depressed c. Wedge-shaped 5. Interstitial emphysema 6. Caudodorsal aspect 7. On cut surface: a. Edematous foam and mucus b. Nematodes in bronchi Etiology 1. Dictyocaulus viviparous a. Cattle 2. Dictyocaulus filaria a. Sheep |
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Maedi (Maedi-Visna)
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Recognition
1. Severe insterstitial pneumonia 2. Lungs fail to collapse 3. Notable rib imprints 4. Pale, mottled 5. Heavy (2-3x normal weight) 6. Enlarged tracheobronchial lymph nodes Etiology Non-oncogenic retrovirus Pathogenesis 1. Transmission occurs largely through ingestion of infected colostrum 2. Close contact between infected and susceptible sheep 3. Infected monocytes and macrophages |
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Ovine Pulmonary Carcinoma
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Recognition
1. Lungs enlarged, wet, heavy 2. Firm, grey, variably-sized nodules 3. Nodules become confluent in both lungs Anticipation 1. Bronchopneumonia 2. Abscesses 3. Fibrous pleural adhesions 4. Metastases a. Tracheobronchial or mediastinal lymph nodes b. Pleura c. Muscle d. Liver e. Kidneys |
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Inclusion Body Rhinitis
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Recognition
1. Young pigs 2. High morbidity 3. Low mortality Anticipation 1. Necrosis of liver 2. Necrosis of lungs 3. Necrosis of adrenal glands 4. Necrosis of brain Etiology Porcine cytomegalovirus |
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Atrophic Rhinitis
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Recognition
1. Inflammation and atrophy of nasal turbinates 2. Facial deformity: a. Deviation of nasal septum/bones b. Wrinkled nose Etiolgoy 1. B. bronchiseptica 2. P. multocida Pathogenesis 1. B. bronchiseptica promotes colonization by P. multocida 2. P. multocida has potent cytotoxins that inhibit osteoblast activity and promote osteoclastic reabsorption of nasal bones |
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Hypoplastic Epiglottis
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Recognition
1. Respiratory noise 2. Undersized epiglottis Anticipation Entrapment below arytenoepiglottic fold Etiology Hereditary |
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Laryngeal Edema
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Recognition
1. Laryngeal mucosa is thickened and swollen 2. Protrudes dorsally into epiglottis 3. Gelatinous appearance Etiology Edema disease |
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Swine Influenza
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Recognition
1. Catarrhal to mucopurulent inflammation a. Nasal passages to bronchioles 2. Plug small airways a. Lobular or multilobular atelectasis b. Cranioventral regions of lungs Etiology 1. Type A influenza virus 2. Secondary bacterial or mycoplasmal infection Pathogenesis 1. Aerosols or oral route a. Lungworms or b. Common earthworm 2. Infects epithelial cells a. Spread throughout respiratory tract |
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Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS)
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Recognition
Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS) Etiology PRRS virus Pathogenesis 1. Mucosal portal of entry 2. Virus replication in local macrophages 3. Transient viremia 4. Dissemination to phagocytic cells of lungs 5. Induces apoptotic cell death 1. Mucosal portal of entry 2. Virus replication in local macrophages 3. Transient viremia 4. Dissemination to phagocytic cells of lungs 5. Induces apoptotic cell death |
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Postweaning Multisystemic Wasting Syndrome (PMWS)
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Recognition
1. Mild interstitial pneumonia 2. Failure of lungs to collapse Etiology Porcine circovirus a. Alone or b. In combo with porcine parvovirus Pathogenesis 1. Mucosal portal of entry 2. Virus replication in local macrophages 3. Transient viremia 4. Dissemination to phagocytic cells of lungs 5. Induces apoptotic cell death |
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Porcine Enzootic Pneumonia
(Mycoplasmal pneumonia of swine) |
Recognition
1. Bronchointerstitial pnumonia (acutely) 2. Progresses to suppurative bronchopnumonia 3. 50% or more of cranioventral portions of lungs affected 4. Dark red in early stages 5. Homogeneous pale grey in chronic stages 6. Exudate easily expressed from airways 7. Rubbery to firm 8. NOT FIBRINOUS Etiology Mycoplasma hyopnumoniae Path1. Aerogenous entry 2. Adheres to cilia of bronchi 3. Colonizes in ciliated epithelial cells a. Trachea and bronchi b. Cranioventral regions 4. Changes chemical composition of mucus 5. Predisposes lung to secondary bacterial infection 6. Influx of neutrophils into tracheobronchial mucosa 7. Extensive loss of cilia 8. Reduces phagocytic activity of neutrophils 9. Intense hyperplasia of lymphocytes in BALT 10. Mononuclear cells into bronchoalveolar interstitium ogenesis |
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Porcine Pasteurellosis
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Recognition
1. Bronchointerstitial pnumonia (acutely) 2. Progresses to suppurative bronchopnumonia 3. 50% or more of cranioventral portions of lungs affected 4. Dark red in early stages 5. Homogeneous pale grey in chronic stages 6. Exudate easily expressed from airways 7. Rubbery to firm 8. NOT FIBRINOUS Etiology Pasteurella multocida |
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Actinobacillus Pleuropneumoniae (APP)
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Recognition
1. Fibrinohemorrhagic bronchopneumonia 2. Extensive pleuritis 3. Severe consolidation of lung lobes 4. Caudodorsal distribution 5. Coagulative necrosis Etiology Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae Pathogenesis 1. Initial stressors impair defense mechanisms 2. Primary viral infection 3. Secondary bacterial infection a. Leukotoxin binds to and kills macrophages and neutrophils b. Tissue and endothelial cell injury |
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Verminous pneumonia
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Recognition
1. Severe bronchial irritation 2. Bronchitis 3. Pulmonary edema 4. Lobular atelectasis a. Large, dark or grey b. Depressed c. Wedge-shaped 5. Interstitial emphysema 6. Caudodorsal aspect 7. On cut surface: a. Edematous foam and mucus b. Nematodes in bronchi Etiology 1. Metastrongylus apri 2. Ascaris suum |
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Haemophilus pneumonia
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Recognition
1. Suppurative bronchopneumonia 2. Polyserositis 3. Polyarthritis Etiology Haemophilus parasuis/suis |
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Streptococcal pneumonia
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Recognition
Suppurative bronchopneumonia Etiology Streptococcus suis Type II |
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Tuberculosis
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Recognition
Granulomatous Pneumonia |
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Epistaxis
(Nosebleed) |
Recognition
Nosebleed Etiology 1. Trauma 2. Guttural pouch mycosis 3. Tumors Pathogenesis 1. Erosion of submucosal vessels by inflammation |
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Ethmoidal Hematomas
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Recognition
Older Horses |
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Equine Rhinitis/Sinusitis
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Recognition
1. May extend into adjacent bone 2. Mucocele 3. Empyema 4. Strangles: a. Mucopurulent exudate 5. Glanders: a. Pyogranulomatous nodules b. Mucopurulent exudate Etiology 1. Viral: a. Viral rhinopneumonitis b. Influenza c. Rhinovirus d. Adenovirus e. Parainfluenza virus 2. Bacterial: a. Streptococcus equi i. Strangles b. Pseudomonas mallei ii. Glanders |
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Nasal cysts
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Recognition
1. Mimic neoplasms or infections 2. Dentigerous cysts |
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Hypoplastic Epiglottis
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Recognition
1. Respiratory noise 2. Undersized epiglottis Anticipation Entrapment below arytenoepiglottic fold Etiology Hereditary |
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Subepiglottic and Pharyngeal Cysts
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Anticipation
1. Airway obstruction 2. Dysphagia 3. Bronchoaspiration |
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Tracheal Collapse
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Recognition
1. Dorsoventral flattening of trachea 2. Widening of the dorsal tracheal membrane 3. Prolapse ventrally into lumen 4. Usually entire length of trachea |
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Laryngeal Edema
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Recognition
1. Laryngeal mucosa is thickened and swollen 2. Protrudes dorsally into epiglottis 3. Gelatinous appearance Etiology Purpura hemorrhagica |
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Pharyngeal Lymphoid Hyperplasia
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Recognition
1. Partial upper airway obstruction 2. 2-3 year-old racehorses 3. Hyperplasia of lymphoid tissues Etiology 1. Chronic bacterial infection 2. Environmental factors 3. Excessive antigenic stimulation 4. Lymphoid hyperplasia |
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Guttural Pouch Mycosis
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Recognition
1. Inflammation of guttural pouch a. Usually unilateral 2. Guttural pouch mucosa 3. Diphtheric, fibrinonecrotic exudate Anticipation 1. CN VI, IX, X, XI, and XII 2. Internal carotid artery 3. Atlantooccipital joint 4. Cerebral infarcts Etiology 1. Aspergillus fumigatus 2. Aspergillus spp. Pathogenesis 1. Proximity to internal carotid artery 2. Fungi may be angioinvasive 3. Dysphagia 4. Horner's syndrome |
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Guttural Pouch Empyema
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Recognition
1. Targets lymphoid tissues 2. Sequela to suppurative inflammation of nasal cavities Etiology Streptococcus equi |
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Exercise-Induced Pulmonary Hemorrhage
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Recognition
1. Epistaxis 2. Follows exercise Pathogenesis 1. Alveolar hypoxia 2. Bronchiolitis 3. Laryngeal paralysis 4. High pulm pressures during exercise 5. Pre-existing pulm injury |
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Equine Influenza
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Recognition
1. Diffuse distribution 2. Hyperemia 3. Firm 4. "Jello-like" Anticipation 1. Airway hyperresponsiveness 2. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Etiology Viral infection |
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Equine Viral Rhinopneumonitis
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Recognition
1. Young horses: a. Weanlings b. 4-8 months of age 2. Adult horses 3. Bronchointerstitial pneumonia 4. Diffuse distribution 5. Hyperemia 6. Firm 7. "Jello-like" Etiology Equine herpesvirus |
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Rhodococcus Pneumonia
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Recognition
1. Two forms: a. Ulcerative enterocolitis b. Fatal bronchopneumonia 2. Cranioventral distribution 3. Scattered foci of granulomas 4. Hyperemia Pathogenesis 1. Inhalation of infected dust or aerosols 2. Rapid phagocytosis by alveolar macrophages 3. Defective phagolysosome fusion 4. Premature lysosomal degranulation 5. Bacteria survive and multiply 6. Destruction of macrophage |
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Parascaris equorum
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Recognition
1. Dorsal-diaphragmatic distribution 2. Red, wet, heavy lungs Etiology Parascaris equorum |
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Dictyocaulus arnfeldi
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Recognition
1. Coughing 2. Pasturization with donkeys 3. Cystic pockets on dorsal-diaphragmatic portion of lungs Etiology Dictyocaulus arnfeldi |
