Sop 3004 Exam #3

Front 1

how can we increase increase deliberative processing?

Back 1

-personal information
-ability

Front 2

what is prejudism?

Back 2

preconceived negative judgment of a group and its individual members

Front 3

what is modern racism?

Back 3

form of prejudice that surfaces in subtle ways when its safe, socially acceptable, and easy to rationalize.

Front 4

if modern racism is so subtle, how can we detect it experimentally?

Back 4

-bogus pipeline
-implicit association test
-helping study

Front 5

what did Robbers Cave study demonstrate?

Back 5

Sherif's Robbers Cave study showed that perceptions of the outgroup are affected by _____.
A. a person's level of intelligence
B. observational learning
C. competitive and cooperative activities
D. cognitive dissonance

Front 6

what are superordinate goals?

Back 6

goal that could be achieved through cooperation between the groups

Front 7

how does realistic conflict theory explain prejudice?

Back 7

-groups competing often directly compete for limited resources( land, money, jobs,power)

Front 8

How does social identity theory explain prejudice?

Back 8

people favor in-groups over out-groups in order to enhance their self-esteem

Front 9

what are minimal group paradigms?

Back 9

method for investigating the minimal conditions required for discrimination to occur between groups

Front 10

what is the belief in a just world? how does it relate to prejudice?

Back 10

tendency to believe that people get what they deserve, and deserve what they get

Front 11

what are the 4 key components to a social psychologists definition of "aggression" make sure you know what does and what does not qualify as aggression

Back 11

1. behavior
2.goal
3.living being
4. avoid

Front 12

what is the difference between hostile aggression and instrumental aggression?

Back 12

hostile aggression is performed as as end in itself "hot aggression"
vs
instrumental aggression is a means to some other end "cool aggression"

Front 13

between physical and relational aggression?

Back 13

physical=kicking,punching

relational=gossiping, rumors, silent treatment

Front 14

what are some theories that claim that aggressive behavior is biological?

Back 14

evolution theory of aggression=aggression because it helped us survive.(sex differences, less aggression towards relatives)

Front 15

what are some theories that claim that aggressive behavior is learned?

Back 15

"cultures of honor"
-rewards and punishments
-getting rewarded for acting aggressivley

Front 16

what is Freud's death instinct?

Back 16

-an unconscious desire to be dead.
-aggression is the deflection of the death instinct toward others.

Front 17

how might aggression have helped us to survive?

Back 17

aggression help us hunt, kill intruders, pick mates

Front 18

how does evolutionary theory explain differences in physical aggression between men and women?

Back 18

men had to fight for right to mate with woman. usually the most aggressive man survived over less aggressive man

Front 19

what are cultures of honor? how do they relate to aggression? how have studies examined this?

Back 19

culture taught to be aggressive towards others. in extreme cases women can be stoned, if they have been raped to restore honor to family.

less extreme-south is governed by culture of honor.

studies have taken participants form the south and north, and examined how they responded when insulted then they measure saliva for testosterone, firmness of handshake, complete hypothetical story, and narrow hall walk towards another person.

Front 20

if punishment generally decreases aggression, how is it possible that spanking a child often leads that a child to become more aggressive?

Back 20

aggression breads aggression. children learn what parents teach them.

Front 21

what was the purpose of the 'bobo doll study? what methods were used in this study?

Back 21

-That people could learn without the presence of a reward for their behavior
-children were exposed to aggressive behavior from adults and then acted out aggressive behavior the same way, by attacking the bobo doll.

Front 22

what is social learning theory?

Back 22

the theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded and punished

Front 23

how is the concept of misattribution of arousal related to aggression?

Back 23

misattributing annoyance will cause anger
(i.e. watching violent tv)

Front 24

how might heat increase aggression?

Back 24

heat increases arousal, which in turn increase agression

Front 25

what are 3 ways that alcohol might increase aggression?

Back 25

1. weakened inhibitions (letting your true feelings out)
2. narrowing of focus, leading to an ability to use cognitive functioning to override aggression.
3. placebo effects (expectations)

Front 26

the frustration-aggression hypothesis makes two main claims. what are they? have these claims been found to be correct or incorrect?

Back 26

1. frustration always leads to aggression.
2. Aggression is always the result of frustration

-incorrect

Front 27

what is displacement? how is it related to the concept of catharsis?

Back 27

-aggressing against a substitute target.
-"venting your anger"

Front 28

what has research found concerning the effect of cathartic acts?
why might it be that catharsis does not reduce aggressive tendencies?

Back 28

-catharsis does not work- displacement can actually increase aggression.

1. watching media violence" teaches" us how to aggress(social learning theory)
2. observation/participation in aggression increases arousal, which can lead to aggression. (misattribution of arousal)
3. if aggressing is rewarding, we will be more likely to aggress in the future. (operant conditioning)

Front 29

different types of studies have examined the effects of violent media on aggressive behavior. what are the 3 main types of studies that have been used to examine this relationship?

Back 29

1. correlational studies
2. longitudinal studies
3. experimental studies

Front 30

what are the advantages and disadvantages of each of these types of studies?

Back 30

correlational-more violent tv = more aggressiveness
longitudinal- kids who watch tv are more likely to commit a serious criminal offense later in life
experimental-participants either watch violent tv or not.

Front 31

what does it mean when it is said that a correlation between aggressive media and aggressive behavior still exists after controlling for extraneous variables?

Back 31

third variable explanation- lack of parenting causes aggression and can cause kids to watch violent tv.

Front 32

do result from all 3 types of studies tend to be consistent?

Back 32

yes

Front 33

how might violent tv increase aggression? (4 explanations)

Back 33

1. weakened inhibitions
2.increases arousal
3. imitation
4. desensitization

Front 34

what are some criticisms of research examining the effect of violent media on aggression? are these criticisms valid or not? why or why not?

Back 34

-effects are short lived, clips form movies used in lab studies are given without context, many people watch violent tv and do not commit violent crimes,lab studies are artificial, correlational studies do not prove causality.

-criticisms are valid, because we have not found a causal link yet, between violent media and aggression.

Front 35

what is the effect of pornography on aggression?

Back 35

depends on type of pornography can be more aggression or less aggression.

Front 36

why is it important to differentiate between nonviolent and violent pornography?

Back 36

nonviolent- lowered aggressiveness, and attitude change

violent porn: greater male to female aggressiveness, acceptance of violence on women, and acceptance of rape myths.

Front 37

what was the purpose of the Stanford prison experiment?

Back 37

purpose was to understand the development of norms and the effects of roles, labels, and social expectations in a simulated prison environment.

Front 38

how was the Stanford prison experiment conducted?

Back 38

it was conducted on campus, it was scheduled for 2 weeks.
-12 prisoners and 12 guards.
-mock arrest, and rules where drawn up for everyone (no physical harm)

Front 39

what were the results of this study?

Back 39

The simulation became so real, and the guards became so abusive, that the experiment had to be shut down after only 6 days rather than the two weeks planned.

Front 40

what is the difference between social exchange theory and the empathy-altrusim hypothesis? how do supporters of the empathy-altruism hypothesis incorporate social exchange theory into their model of helping behavior?

Back 40

Social Exchange- maximize rewards, minimize costs.
empathy-altruism- empathic to victim

-

Front 41

according to the empathy-altrusim hypothesis, what are the motives of people who help others?

Back 41

people will help regardless of the rewards and costs

Front 42

how was the empathy-altruism hypothesis been tested?

Back 42

participants observed a woman getting shocked, participants have the option of switching with the woman getting shocked.
-allowed to leave or not to leave

Front 43

what is the relationship between helping behavior and the number of bystanders?

Back 43

the larger the group the less chance you have of being helped.

Front 44

what is the bystander effect?

Back 44

the finding that a person is less likely to provide help when there are other bystanders.

Front 45

what are the 5 steps to helping?
what is the obstacle associated with each step?

Back 45

1. noticing
2.interpreting the event as an emergency
3. taking responsibility
4. knowing how to help
5.deciding to help

Front 46

make sure you understand and can define the following terms: pluralistic ignorance, diffusion of responsibility, audience inhibition.

Back 46

pluralistic ignorance-the stat in which people mistakenly believe that their own thoughts and feelings are different from those others, even thought everyones behavior is the same.

diffusion of responsibility- the belief that other will or should take the responsibility for providing help

audience inhibition-people are inhibited from helping for fear that other bystanders will evaluate them negatively if they intervene and the situation is not an emergency.

Front 47

why is the 'good samaritan' study so ironic?

Back 47

-person late to give a speech on 'how you should always help', but when on the way to the speech they walk over someone in need of help, while entering the bldg.
-

Front 48

how does attractiveness and similarity affect helping behavior?

Back 48

halo effect, we want to help people that are attractive and we want to help people that are similar to us.

Front 49

under what circumstances are we less likely to help our friends than strangers?

Back 49

moods
-happiness (tips, aromas, dimes)

Front 50

how can we increase helping?

Back 50

being aware of the obstacles to helping increases helping.
-make it clear you need help
-single someone out( empower them)