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200 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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gang
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a group of people, usually young, who band together for purposes generally considered to be deviant or criminal by the larger society
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cliques
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friendship circles, whose members identiy one another as mutually connected; hierarchal structure
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deviance
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any behavior, belief, or condition that violates significant social norms in the society or group in which it occurs
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behavioral deviance
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based on a person's inadvertent or intentional actions
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stigma
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any physical or social attribute or sign that so devalues a person's social identity that it disqualifies the person from full social acceptance
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deviance is relative
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an act becomes deviant when it is socially defined as such
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deviance varies in its...
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degree of seriousness, ranging from mild transgressions of folkways, to more serious infringements of mores, to quite serious violations of the law
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crime
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behavior that violates criminal law and is punishable with fines, jail terms, and/or other negative sanctions
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juvenile delinquency
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a violation of law or the commission of a status offense by young people
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social control
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the systematic process that social groups develop in order to encourage conformity to norms rules, and laws and to discourage deviance
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individuals _____ societal norms and terms
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individuals internalize societal norms and values that prescribe how people should behave and then follow those norms and values in their everyday lives
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criminology
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the systematic study of crime and the criminal justice system, including the police, courts, and prisons
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Emile Durkheims's view of deviance
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deviance is rooted in social factors such as rapid social change and lack of social integration among people
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anomie
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social change attributes to this - a social condition in which people experience a sense of futility because social norms are weak, absent, or conflicting
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functionalist perspectives think deviance is universal because it serves three important functions:
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1. Deviance clarifies rules
2. Deviance unites a group 3. Deviance promotes social change (civil disobedience, for example) |
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strain theory
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people feel strain when they are exposed to cultural goals that they are unable to obtain because they do not have access to culturally approved goals
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five ways people adapt to cultural goals
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conformity, innovation, ritualism, retreatism, and rebellion
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conformity
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occurs when people accept culturally approved goals and pursue them through approved means
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Metron classified four types of adaptation as deviance
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innovation, ritualism, retreatism, rebellion
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innovation
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when people accept society's goals but adopt disapproved means for achieving them
same goals, new means ex. Mafia, Bill Gates, cheaters, drug dealers, etc. |
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ritualism
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occurs when people give up on societal goals but still adhere to the socially approved means for achieving them
no goals, same means ex. the cubicle dweller, hippie, etc. |
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retreatism
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occurs when people abandon both the approved goals and the approved means of achieving them
no goals, no means ex. living alone in the woods, hermits, elderly/retired, severely mentally ill, homeless, etc. |
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rebellion
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occurs when people challenge both the approved goals and the approved means for acheieving them and advocate an alternative set of goals or means
new goals, new means ex. terrorists, Boston Tea Party, Martin Luther King, Jr. |
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illegitimate opportunity structures
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circumstances that provide an opportunity for people to acquire through illegitimate activities what tehy cannot achieve through legitimate channels
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three basic gang groups
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criminal, conflict, and retreatist
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criminal gang
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deveoted to theft, extortion, and other illegal means of securing an income
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conflict gangs
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emerge in communities that do not provide either legitimate or illegitimate opportunities
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retreatist gangs
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unable to gain success through legitimate means and are unwilling to do so through illegal ones; addiction is prevalent because the consumption of drugs is stressed
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differential association theory
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people have a greater tendency to deviate from societal norms when they frequently associate with individuals who are more favorable toward deviance than conformity
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differential reinforcement theory
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both deviant and convetial behavior are learned through the same social processes
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inner containments
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self-control, a sense of responsibility, and resistence to diversions
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outer containments
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supportive family and friends, reasonable social expectations, and supervision by others
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social bond theory
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the probability of deviant behavior increases when a person's ties to society are weakened or broken
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social bonding consists of:
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1. attachment to other people
2. commitment to conformity 3. involvement in conventional activities 4. belief in the legitimacy of conventional values and norms |
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labeling theory
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deviance is a socially constructed process in which social control agencies designate certain people as deviants, and they, in turn, come to accept the lable placed upon them and begin to act accordingly
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moral entrepreneurs
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often the ones who create the rules about what constitutes deviant or conventional behavior
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primary deviance
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refers to the initial act of rule breaking
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secondary deviance
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occurs when a person who has been labeled deviant accepts the new identity and continues the deviant behavior
*if the individuals accept the negative label as a result of the primary deviance, they are more likely to continue to participate |
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tertiary deviance
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occurs when a person who has been labeled a deviant seeks to normalize the behavior by relabeling it as nondeviant
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Marxist feminist approach
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based on the assumption that women are exploited by both capitalism and patriarchy
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radical feminist approach
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views the cause of women's crime as originating in patriarchy (male over female domination). Exploitation may trigger deviant and criminal behavior
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liberal feminist approach
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women's deviance and crime are a rational response to the gender discrimination that women experience in families and the workplace
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three types of feminist approaches
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liberal, radical, Marxist (socialist)
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conventional crime
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(street crime) is all violent crime, certain property crimes, and certain morals crimes
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violent crime
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consists of actions involving force or the threat of force against others, including murder, robbery, rape, etc.
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property crimes
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robbery, burglary, larceny, motor vehicle theft
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"morals" crimes
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involve an illegal action voluntarily engaged in by the participants, such as prostitution, illegal gambling, the private use of illegal drugs, and illegal pornography
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victimless crimes
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they invovle a willing exchange of illegal goods or services among adults
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occupational (white collar crime)
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comprises illegal activitities committed by people in the course of their employment or financial affairs
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corporate crime
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illegal acts committed by corporate employees on behalf of the corporation and with its support (tax evasion, coryrights, and tradmarks, price fixing, financial fraud)
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organized crime
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business operation that supplies illegal goods and services for profit
ex. drug trafficking, prostitution, money laundering, large-scale theft |
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political crime
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illegal or unethical acts involving the usurpation of power by government officials, or illegal/unethical acts perpetrated against the government by outsiders seeking to make a political statement, undermine the government, or overthrow it
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four types of political deviance
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1. secrecy and deception designed to manipulate public opinion
2. abuse of power 3. prosecution of individuals due to their political activities 4. official violence, such as police brutality against people of color |
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crime statistics...
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reflect only the crimes that have been reported
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terrorism
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the calculated, unlawful use of physical force or threats of violence against persons or property in order to intimidate or coerce a government, organization, or individual for the purpose of gaining some political, religious, economic, or social objective
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arrest rates for index crimes are highest when?
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between ages 13 and 25, tapering off when older; murder is a bit older - in late twenties; over 45 - sex related, especially men
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three most common arrest categories for men and women
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DUI, larceny, and minor or criminal mischief offenses
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where are men criminally more involved than women
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major property crimes and violent crimes
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criminal justice system
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the more than 55,000 local, state, and federal agencies that enforce laws, adjudicate crimes, and treat and rehab criminals
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discretion
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refers to the use of personal judgement by police officers, prosecutors, judges, and other criminal justice system officials
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police
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responsible for crime control and the maintenance of order, but now serve as improving community relations, resolving disputes, and helping during emergencies
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racial profiling
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the use of ethnic or racial background as a means of identifying criminal suspects
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criminal courts
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determine the guilt or innocence of those persons accused of committing a crime
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how many criminal cases are never tried in court?
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90% - plea bargaining (the prosecution negotiates a reduced sentence for the accused in exchange for a guilty plea)
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punishment
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any action designed to deprive a person of things of value including liberty, because of some offense the person is thought to have committed
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punishment's four major goals:
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retribution, general deterrance, incapacitation, rehabilitation
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retribution
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punishment a person receives for infringing on the rights of others; punishment should fit the crime
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general deterrance (and specific)
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seeks to reduce criminal activity by instilling fear of punishment in the general public
specific deterrance: inflicts punishment on specific criminals to discourage them from future criems |
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incapacitation (and selective)
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based on the assumption that offenders who are detained in prison or are executed will be unable to commit additional crimes
selective incapacitation: offenders who repeat certain kinds of crimes are sentenced to long prison terms |
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rehabilitation
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seeks to return offenders to the community as law-abiding citizens by providing therapy or vocational or educational training
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restoration
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designed to repair the damage done to the victim and the community by an offender's criminal act
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determinate sentence
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sets the term of imprisonment at a fixed period of time for a specific offense
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structural solutions to crime
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better education and jobs, affordable housing, more equality and less discrimination, and socially productive activities
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crime
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any violation of a law
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who is most frequently arrested by police?
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white men, young - whites are the ajority of the population
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who has the highest arrest rate?
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young black men - most likely to be questioned in relation to unknown assailants
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who commits more drug, alcohol and petty theft crime?
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men/women fairly equal
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what are the most gendered crimes?
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prositution and rape
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what racial group has the highest victimization rate?
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native americans: place in society, victimized by both other Native Americans and other ethnicities, discrimination/hate crimes against them, the idea that many Native Americans have gotten special treatments and are singled out for that treatment, etc.
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who has the highest overall victimization rate?
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young minority men
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probation
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community supervision with rules of conduct; may be instead of incarceration
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jail
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county holding facility holding those sentenced to a one year or less punishment
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prison
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State/federal facilities holding those sentenced to one-year-or-greater punishment
felony convicts more likely to go here |
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parole
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Community supervision after incarceration
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% of U.S. adult men and women in correctional system
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5% men, 1% women - sympathy throughout the criminal justice process, more crimes that are more up for discussion concerning probation or a shorter sentence, etc.
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why the number of corrections ppl have tripled
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could definitely be more if we had more prison space; gone up because of population increases, drug laws that started in 1980: laws had stricter guidelines for punishments, longer terms, etc, --> War on Drugs
media coverage, more violent crimes, mentally ill people incarcerated and deinstitutionalized, less people getting the death penalty, harsher laws for terrorists, child sexual abuse violators, etc. |
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strain theory
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Culturally prescribed goals and means
goals: things you’re supposed to want to achieve or have ex. good job, success, money, family, good parent, fame, etc. means: the acceptable ways of trying to get the goals ex. higher education, work hard, compete and beat others, etc. Deviance results when digress from goals and/or means |
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why the number of corrections ppl have tripled
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could definitely be more if we had more prison space; gone up because of population increases, drug laws that started in 1980: laws had stricter guidelines for punishments, longer terms, etc, --> War on Drugs
media coverage, more violent crimes, mentally ill people incarcerated and deinstitutionalized, less people getting the death penalty, harsher laws for terrorists, child sexual abuse violators, etc. |
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strain theory
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Culturally prescribed goals and means
goals: things you’re supposed to want to achieve or have ex. good job, success, money, family, good parent, fame, etc. means: the acceptable ways of trying to get the goals ex. higher education, work hard, compete and beat others, etc. Deviance results when digress from goals and/or means |
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criticisms of the strain theory
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who decides what is an unacceptable goal and means?
not perfectly clear-cut categories; most of us would fit into more than one category are we comfortable calling some of these people deviant? do we always have choice in following the goals and means? do we all have the same opportunities to follow the same goals and means? relativity of deviance - different groups, subcultures, etc. |
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differential association theory
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People have varying attitudes toward deviance and conformity
some are highly favorable toward deviance If associate with people favorable toward deviance, will be deviant learn techniques and justifications Examples justification: we’re poor, so it’s okay for us to steal, everyone is doing it; marijuana has medical reasons so it must be okay; peer pressure; someone else is doing it technique: avoiding getting caught gangs, parents that are involved in deviance, cliques, prisons, etc. |
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criticisms of the differential association theory
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Criticisms
we have many different exposures and associations How much is necessary to make you deviant? Do you understand that you’re being deviant? Can have few associations and still become deviant Can have many associations and not become deviant |
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social bond theory
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We are inherently deviant
If have strong attachments to society, will resist deviance examples of bonds: church, family, fear of consequences, school, prestige, etc. Weak or absent bonds will result in deviance Examples neglectful parents, kids who are bullied and ostracized, etc. |
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social bond theory criticisms
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Prestige could make people not worry about the consequences
Social bonds can cause people to be deviant (gangs, bad friends, etc.) How well we perceive the bonds we have Did the lack of bonds create the deviance or did deviance create a lack of bonds? Not having strong bonds could also inspire you to create them How do we know this is the primary factor that led to deviance? |
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labeling theory definition
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people and behaviors are not deviant, they are labeled as deviant
Labels may be unequally applied labels contribute to more deviance unless they’re neutralized Examples: homosexuality, being friends with/dating/marrying a colored person |
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labeling theory criticisms
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it doesn’t explain why people commit deviance in the first place
How do you know that being labeled causes more deviance or if the person was just going to do it anyway? some universals like murder and incest |
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conflict theory
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The ruling class decide norms and sanctions; construct laws to their benefit
The underclass commit deviance to get resources; commits deviance to maintain power Examples Not having universal health care benefits are given by job, not to all Crack versus Powder cocaine bail street vs. white-collar crime |
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criticisms of conflict theory
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Who is the ruling class, and how do they influence the laws?
Ruling class isn’t always working together Not all fads fit with the ruling class No pollution laws would exist Crime is intra-class, not between them |
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the "American Dream"
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for middle and upper income people, it means that each subsequent generation will be able to acquire more material possessions than the last.
to some people, achieving the American Dream means havinga secure job, owning a home, and getting a good education for their children |
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race
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a category of people who see themselves and are seen by others as different becuase of physical characteristics that are assumed to be innate and biologically inherited, such as skin color, hair texture, eye shape, etc.
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race is... (and five points)
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SOCIALLY CONSTRUCTED.
1. movie: DNA studies prove that race does not correspond to DNA compatibility 2. genetically, race does not reflect the differences that exist 3. much less genetic variation in humans because are new and constantly mixing 4. no gene is present in all of one race group, and not present in other groups 5. ideas of inferiority have/do change |
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ethnicity
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defines individuals who are believed to share common characteristics that differentiate them from the other collectivities in a society
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ethnic group
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a collection of people distinguished, by others or by themselves, primarily on the basis of cultural or nationality characteristics
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ethnic groups share five main characteristics
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1. unique cultural traits (language, holidays, religious practices)
2. a sense of community 3. a feeling of ethnocentrism 4. ascribed membership from birth 5. territoriality |
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social construction of race in rwanda
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Hutu and Tutsi were highly inter-related racial/ethnic groups
Colonizers give Tutsi better jobs, income, status Tutsi thought to be lighter-skinned and more beautiful than Hutu April-June 1994, .8-1 million killed, mostly Tutsi 9,000 murdered each day for 90 days |
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total people of color in the United States
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35%
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dominant group
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one that is advantaged and has superior resources and rights in a society (whites with Northern European ancestry)
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subordinate group
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one whose members, because of physical or cultural characteristics, are disadvantaged and subjected to unequal treatment by the dominant group and who regard themselves as objects of collective discrimination (women and Africans)
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stereotype
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an overgeneralization about members of a group that goes beyond existing evidence
All X people are...; X people can't.... Examples: White men can’t jump or dance; African-American men are gangsters, criminally-minded; Asian-Americans are smart and good at math, eat cats, can’t drive; Native Americans are alcoholics, very spiritual and connected to the Earth; Latinos are lazy, gangsters, drug-addicts, women are spicy and promiscuous |
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prejudice
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an unfavorable or rigid attitude about members of a social group
can be either positive or negative often based in/supported by stereotypes I don't like...; I prefer... Examples: “I don’t like Mexicans because they hurt my community”; Grandpa doesn’t like Asians after war - “dirty Japs” |
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racism
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a set of attitudes, beliefs,and practices that justify the superior treatment of one racial or ethnic group and the inferior treatment of another
"X people don't deserve...; X people shouldn't... Examples: Examples: KKK, Hoffman’s extinction thesis |
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scapegoat
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a person or group that is incapable of offering resistance to the hostility or aggression of others
ex. members of minority groups are often blamed for societal problems |
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authoritarian personality
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highly prejudiced individuals have this personality; characterized by excessive conformity, submissiveness to authority, intolerance, insecurity, a high level of superstitution, and rigid, stereotypic thinking
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discrimination
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actions by the dominant group or their reps to deny opportunities or esteem to the subordinate group
Examples: judge denying marriage license to an interracial couple |
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institutional discrimination
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everyday practices by groups and organizations that negatively impact a subordinate group
can be small or large scale, direct or indirect Examples: racial profiling by law enforcement - pulling more blacks over than whites to question them; mortgage zoning and GI Bill created property wealth for whites; hotel forcing employees to change their names to more “white” names |
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individual discrimination
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consists of one-on-one acts by members of the dominant group that harm members of the subordinate group or their property
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genocide and ethnic cleansing
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genocide is the deliberate, systematic killing of an entire people or nation
ethnic cleansing is the cleansing of a geographic area by forcing persons of other races or religions to flee or die |
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four major types of discrimination
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1. isolate discrimination
2. small-group discrimination 3. direct institutionalized discrimination 4. indirect institutionalized discrimination |
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direct institutionalized discrimination
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organizationally prescribed or community-prescribed action that intentionally has a differential and negative impact on members of a subordinate group
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indirect institutionalized discrimination
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practices that have a harmful effect on subordinate group members even though the organization or community norms were initially established with no intent to harm
special education classes have amounted to racial segregation |
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isolate discrimination
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harmful action intentionally taken by a dominant group member; occurs without the support of other members of the dominant group -- a judge may give harsher sentences to all Africans but may not reflect the ideas of the whole judicial system
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small-group discrimination
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harmful action intentionally taken by a limited number of dominant group ppl - not supported by existing norms
deface a prof's office with racist epithets without the other students' support |
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ethnicity is...
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SOCIALLY CONSTRUCTED.
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primary ethnic groups of the Us
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white, eastern european, African American, Chinese American, etc.
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patterns of ethnic relations
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assimilation, ethnic pluralism, segregation
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assimilation
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Members of the subordinate group are absorbed into the dominant culture
Examples in the US: Native Americans (forcibly), Irish and Italians outside the US: native people in Latin America |
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ethnic pluralism
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Coexistence of multiple cultural groups in one society
Examples: India - 22 different ethnic groups, languages, dress, etc.; early United States with Spanish, French, English, Native American descent |
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segregation
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spatial, social, legal, etc. separation of racial or cultural groups
Examples: apartheid South Africa, Jim Crow Era in United States history, French Quarter of Beijing in early 1990s, etc. |
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de jure segregation
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laws that systematically enforced the physical and social separation of Africans
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caste perspective
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views racial and ethnic inequality as a permanent feature of U.S. society --- strengthened by antimiscengenation laws, which prohibited sexual intercourse or marriage between persons of different races
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internal colonialism
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occurs when members of a racial or ethnic group are conquered or colonized and forcibly placed under the economic and political control of the dominant group
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split labor market
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the division of the economy into two areas of employment, a primary sector or upper tier, composed of higher-paid workers in more secure jobs, and a secondary tier, composed of lower paid (often subordinate group) workers in jobs with little security and hazardous working conditions
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metritocracy vs. stratification
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metritocracy: opportunities and rewards distributed equally by skills and talents
stratification: opportunities and rewards distributed unequally by statuses |
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social stratification
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the hierarchail arrangement of large social groups based on their control over basic resources
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life chances
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the extent to which individual shave access to important societal resources such as food, clothing, shelter, education, and health care
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resources
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anything valued in a society
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open system
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boundaries between levels in the hierarchies are more flexible and may be influenced by people's achieved statuses
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social mobility
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the movement of individuals or groups from one level in a stratification system to another - up and down or across the stratification ladder
most movement = horizontal mobility |
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intergenerational mobility
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the social movement experienced by family members from one generation to the next
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intragenerational mobility
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the societal movement of individuals within their own lifetime
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closed system
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boundaries between levels in the hierarchies of social stratification are rigid, and people's positions are set by ascribed status
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slavery
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an extreme form of stratification in which some people are owned by others
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bonded labor (debt bondage)
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sitution in which people give themselves into slavery as security against a loan or when they inherit a debt from a relative
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caste system
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a system of social inequality in which people's status is permanently determined at birth based on their parents' ascribed characteristics
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systems of stratification
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caste system and class
a system of social inequality in which people's status is permanently determined at birth based on their parents' ascribed characteristics status is based on own wealth, income, etc. (most developed nations) |
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horizontal mobility
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when people experience a gain or a loss in position and or income that does not produce a change in their place in the class structure
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global stratification
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refers tot he unequal distribution of wealth, power, and prestige on a global basis, resulting in people have vastly different lifestyles and life chances both within and among the nations of the world
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high-income countries
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highly indisutrialized economies, technoogically advanced indistrial, administratie, and service occupations, and relatively high levels of national and per capita income
post-industrial economies (service), high consumerism, bring in goods and services, high populations, low growth USA, Great Britain, Western European countries, Japan, Australia, Canada |
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middle income countries
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nations with industrializing economies, particularly in urban areas, and moderate levels of national and person income
Brazil, Russia, Malaysia, Mexico, China, some of Asia industrial nations (making stuff) middle to high poverty |
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low income countries
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primarily agrarian nations with little industrialization and low levels of personal and natiaonl income
50% of countries Indonesia, Congo, sub-sahara Africa, some of Asia, high stratification, agricultral econoy, high poverty, preventable disease, low life expectancy |
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first world, second world, third world
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first world: consists of rich, industrialized nationas that primarily had capitalist economies and democracies
second world: at least a moderate level of economic development and a moderate standard of living third world: poorest, little to no industrialization and the lowest standards of living, shortest life expectancies, and highest mortality rates |
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gross domestric product
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all the goods and services produced within a country's economy during a given year
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absolute poverty
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cannot secure the basic necessities of life
World Bank: less than $1.25 a day for 1.4 million people each Mainly for developing countries and children. Shelter, food, clothing, water, health cafre, education... |
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relative poverty
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exists when people may be able to afford basic necessities but are still unable to maintain an average standard of living
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subjective poverty
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measured by comparing the actual income against the earner's expectations and perceptions
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Gini coefficient
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what the World Bank uses as its measure of income inequality, ranges from 0 to 100 (one person gets the income).
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health
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a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease
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Theories of Global Inequality
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Modernization, Dependency, World Systems, International Division of Labor
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Modernization theory
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intensive economic growth is key
societies must incorporate the practices, beliefs and values of high income societies to succeed -worked for Japan, Germany, Great Britain after WWII achieving self-sustained economic growth is crucial four stages: traditional stage, take-off stage, technological maturity, high mass consumption |
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Dependency theory
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historical and present exploitation by high income societies prevent internal economic and human development
poorer nations stuck in a cycle of economic dependency colonies - spain and franc |
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four stages of the modernization theory
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traditional stage: very little social change
take-off stage: period of economic growth accompanied by a growing belief in individualism, competition, and achievement technological maturity: country improves its technology, reinvests in new industries, and embraces the beliefs, values, and social institutions of the high income nations high mass consumption is reached in the fourth stage, with a high standard of living |
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world systems theory
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a hierarchal capitalist world economy (dominated by a few societies) governs the resources and opportunities of each country
high income nations benefit from exploiting other nations core nations, peripheral nations, and semipheriperal nations |
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core nations
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dominant capitalist centers characterized by high levels of industrialization and urbanization - possess most of world's capital and technologiation
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semiperipheral nations
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more developed than peripheral nations but less developed than core nations - provide labor and raw materials to core nations
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peripheral nations
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nations that are dependent on core nations for capital, have little to no industrialization, and have uneven patterns of urbanization
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International division of labor theory
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global chains of production encourage an international (Marxist) class system
commodity production is being split into fragments that can be assigned to whiceer part of the world can provide the most profitable combination of capital and trade high income countries dependent on low-income for labor, and vice versa global commodity chains |
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global commodity chains and the two types
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gloabl commodity chains: a complex pattern of international labor and production processes that results in a finished commodity ready for sale in the marketplace
producer-driven: transnational corporations play a central part in controlling the production process - autos, computers, etc. buyer-driven: indisutries in which large retailers, brand-name merchandisers, and trading companies set up decentralized production netorks in various middle- and low- income countries |
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income
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the economic gain derived from wages, salaries, income transfers, and ownership of property
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wealth
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the value of all of a person's or family's economic assets, including income, personal property, and income-producing property
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how does wealth often come for the upper class?
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inherittance, interest, and dividends
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Davis and Moore Theory: definition and criticisms
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for example, a McDonalds cashier
contribution: low, society can go on without you investment: low, basic skills and training reward: low, minimum wage, no benefits Brain surgeon: high, needed to keep people alive investments: high, time, money reward: high, money, status equality of opportunity, and rewards are based on contribution and investment the poor choose to be poor and the rich have earned it criticisms: inheritance, unexpected life events, opportunities can require resources you don't have, placement may not always reflect talent, contributions and investments can be low with high rewards and vice versa |
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Marxist theory
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shoe factory owner (bourgeoise)
I own: shoes, factory, employee labor I do: maybe manage (maybe delegate) I receive: profits shoe factory worker (proletariat) I own: my body, mind I do: make the shoes I receive: wage bourgeoise owns the means of production and receives the profits proletariat must sell their labor to earn money to survive stratification is tolerated because of "false consciousness" criticisms: most companies today are publically owned, employees often own stock in their own company, leaves out the middle management/small business class, takes away motivation to succeed and be an owner, what about non-profits? |
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bourgeoise
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capitalist class, consists of those who own the means of production
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proletariat
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working class, consists of those who must sell their labor to the owners in order to earn enough money to survive
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alienation
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a feeling of powerlessness and estrangement from other people and from onesself (proletariat)
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class conflict
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the struggle between the capitalist class and hte working class
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Weberian Theory
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elaborated on Marx
-social class is a combination of wealth, power, and prestige wealth: all economic assets power: ability to get your way prestige: respect from others high wealth, power, and prestige: CEO low wealth, power, and prestige: homeless low wealth, high power and prestige: musician high wealth, low power, high prestige: athletes, 1st lady high wealth and power, low prestige: lawyers criticisms: hard to measure power and prestige (income, occupation, education is how we usually attempt to measure), so many combos in a complex system - where do people shake out? |
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socioeconomic status
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a combined measure that attempts to classify individuals, families, or households in terms of factors such as income, occupation, and education to determine class location
(weberian theory) |
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The weberian model of the U.S. class structure
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based on education, occupation of family head, family income
upper (capitalist) class: wealthiest and most powerful -upper-upper: old money -lower-upper: new money upper-middle class: highly educated professionals who have built careers as physicians, attorneys, etc. middle class: four-year college diploma: medical technicians, nurses, medical/legal assistangts. working class: semiskilled machine operators in factories and elsewhere. Less financial security, pink-collar occupations, high school diploma. working poor: live from just above the poverty line; they typically hold unskilled jobs, lower-paid factory jobs, seasonal jobs, etc. Must develop survival strategies. underclass: poor, seldom employed, caught in the long-term deprivation that results from low levels of education and income. |
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pink-collar occupations
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relatively low paying, non manual, semiskilled positions primarily held by women
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Marxian model of the US class structure
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means of production and whether you are an owner or worker as the distinguishing feature of classes
capitalist class: most of wealth and power; ownership of capital; inherited fortunes, own major corporations, extensive stock-holding managerial class: substantial control over the means of production and other workers; do not participate in key corporate decisions such as how to invest profit (physicians, lawyers, etc.) small business class: small owners and craftspeople who may hire a small number of employees but largely do their own work; grocery stores, retail clothing stores, etc. working class: made up of subgroups -blue collar workers - skilled workers; some unskilled and low paid (electricians, plumbers) (janitors, gardeners) |
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federal poverty line
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created in the 1960s during the war on poverty; 3x the cost of an emergency minimally-nutritious diet; adjusted yearly for inflation
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relative poverty line
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basic necessities but below average standard of living
-no cars, comsumer goods, entertainment, etc. adjusted for income and consumption 155% of FPL |
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money at the RPL AND FPL for daily meal
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$1.30 for FPL
$2.00 for RPL |
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feminization of poverty
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the trend in which women are disproportionately represented among individuals living in poverty
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job deskilling
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a reduction in the proficiency needed to perform a specific job that leads to a corresponding reduction in the wages for that job
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age group most vulnerable to poverty
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children
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of poor adults, how many are women?
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2/3
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the racial group with the highest rate of poverty
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native americans
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the poor die, on average, how many years earlier?
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7 years
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the poor have higher rates of...what health effects?
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diabetes, heart disease, obesity, asthma
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the majority of poor families have at least how many working parents?
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1
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the majority of poor children live in ___ parent homes?
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two
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how many poor families include at least 1 working parent?
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50-60%
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how many unemployed poor persons could not work due to illness or disability
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25%-35%
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how much of poor families' money comes from work?
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40-60%
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meritocracy
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a hierarchy in which all positions are rewarded based on people's ability and credentials
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wealth
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all economic assets
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power
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ability to get your way in spite of opposition
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prestige
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respect from others
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