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40 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Social bond theory (ABCI) |
probability of deviance increases as ties to society are weakened or broken. 4 components: attachment to others, commitment to conformity, involvement in conventional activities, beliefs in legitimacy of values and norms |
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strain theory |
people feel strain when exposed to cultural goals that they can't obtain because they don't have access to the culturally approved means of achievement. Conformity: access to goals and means Innovation: access to goals, but not means Ritualism: access to means, not goals Retreatism: reject goals and remove self from society Rebellion: reject goals and means and advocate alternatives. |
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criminal gang |
illegal means of income |
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conflict gang |
no legitimate or illegitimate opportunities, so fight for turf |
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retreatist gang |
no access to legal opportunities, no interest in illegal opportunities, high drug use |
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Patterns in crimes for offenders |
Most arrests are men. mostly violent crime. DUI, drug abuse, criminal mischief Women usually arrested for nonviolent offenses Highest arrest rates property crime between ages 12-25 Assault: late 20s African Americans more likely to be victims of crime than any other racial group |
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Patterns in crime for victims |
22.5 victimizations per 1000 people over age 12 Men had higher rate of victimization than women Highest: african american American indians and alaskan natives were next highest |
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Marxian social class Capitalist class |
Have most wealth and power. Extensive economic control Income: profits, interests, high salaries |
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Marxian social class Managerial class |
substantial control over means of production and workers but not involved in corporate decision making
Lower management Have little control over workers |
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Marxian social class small business class |
self-employed can hire, but mostly do their own work more common among men, whites, asians, and older workers |
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Marxian social class working class |
Blue collar workers: skilled and well-paid; unskilled and poorly paid White collar workers: new middle class; powerless in the workplace |
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class system |
stratification based on the ownership and control of resources and the type of work people do. |
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caste system |
system of social inequality in which people's status is permanently determined at birth based on parents' ascribed characteristics |
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health |
related problems associated with being poor shorter lifespans higher infant mortality rate less access to doctors and hospitals |
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absolute poverty |
people do not have the means to secure the most basic necessities of life |
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relative poverty |
people may be able to afford the necessities, but are unable to maintain an average standard of living |
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subjective poverty |
compare a person's income with their expectations |
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Global wealth and poverty |
not based on comparisons of income but also on the social judgments made by researchers Gini coefficient Gini index |
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Gini coefficient |
measures the degree of inequality in distribution of family income in a country |
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gini index |
measures the extent to which distribution of income deviates from a perfectly equal distribution |
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ethnic groups |
share 5 common traits unique cultural traits sense of community feeling of ethnocentrism ascribed membership from birth territoriality |
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contact hypothesis |
intergroup contact may increase or decrease racial/ethnic stereotyping and prejudice, depending on what conditions are present |
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critical race theory |
racism is so ingrained in US society that it appears to be ordinary and natural laws cannot address the business-as-usual racism in everyday life |
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racial formation theory |
actions of the government substantially define racial and ethnic relations in the US |
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cultural assimilation |
members of ethnic group adopt dominant group
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structural assimilation |
when member of subordinate racial/ethnic groups gain acceptance in everyday social interactions with members of dominant group |
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psychological assimilation |
change in racial or ethnic self-identification on the part of the individual. |
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liberal feminism |
Gender equality is equated with equality of opportunity End sex discrimination in workplace |
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radical feminism |
male domination is at the root of all forms of oppression. patriarchy must be abolished to improve conditions and alternate institutions need to be developed |
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socialist feminism |
Oppression of women results form dual roles as paid and unpaid workers in capitalist economy exploited by capitalism in the workplace gender segregated work is the key to the problem |
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multicultural feminism |
women of color have always been involved in feminism simultaneous oppression by race, class, and gender |
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Functionalist/neoclassical perspectives on gender |
Women's role as caregivers Men are bread winners, women perform emotional tasks |
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conflict perspectives on gender |
gendered inequality results form male control of resources women have to rely on trading sexual resources for male support |
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aspects of gender |
gender role, gender identity gender is a matter of forces outside the individual in society |
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aspects of sexism |
the subordination of one sex based on the assumed superiority of the other sex sexism is used to justify discrimination |
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patriarchy |
male dominated world |
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matriarchy |
female dominated world |
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Theories on aging |
s |
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living arrangements for older Americans |
Linked to income, health status, and the availability of caregivers. Homemaker services, retirement homes, assisted living, nursing homes |
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Older Americans in rural areas |
Older adults in rural areas typically have lover incomes, are more likely to be poor less access to adequate health and long term treatment facilities |
