Sociology Test 3

Front 1

What is sociology?

Back 1

Systematic study of the relationship between the individual and society and of the consequences of difference

Front 2

Sociological imagination:

Back 2

A term created by C.wright mills. Refers to the ability to see the connections between our personal lives and the social world in which we live.

Front 3

Macro Sociology:

Back 3

the study of large aspects of society, such as institutions and large social groups.

Front 4

Micro sociology:

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the study of social psychological dynamics of individuals interacting in small groups.

Front 5

Structuralfunctionalist:

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Views society as interconnected parts that work together in harmony to maintain a state of balance.

Front 6

Conflict theory:

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Inequality, upper class having all the resources, lower class fighting for them. Driving force behind many social problems.

Front 7

Symbolic interactionisttheory:

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Human behaviour is influenced by definitions and meanings that are created and maintained through symbolic interaction with others.

Front 8

Feminist theory

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A set of diverse perspectives joined by the focus on sex, and gender as defining and important categories of oppression.

Front 9

What is Society? :

Back 9

People considered as a group, or a group of people who live together in a particular social system.

Front 10

Social Structure:

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Social structure is the organized pattern of social relationships and social institutions that together compose society.

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Ethnocentrism:

Back 11

the idea that one's own culture is superior and that it's acceptable to judge other societies based on what your society thinks is acceptable. Really simply put, it's sort of like walking around using your own culture as a measuring stick for others.

Front 12

Cultural Relativism:

Back 12

why one society shouldn't try to impose its own beliefs onto another. Actions should be measured by the standards of an individual's own unique culture, not by the standards of others. This explains why some things are perfectly acceptable in one society, but totally taboo in another. “In Bolivia, 14-year-old girls can legally get married. In China, men have to wait until they're 22.”

Front 13

Culture:

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The sum total of the social environment in which we are raise and continue to be socialized in throughout our lives.

Front 14

Cultural Universals:

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common practices shared by all societies

Front 15

Material Culture:

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Tangible or physical items that people have created for use and give meaning to in a given culture. Architecture, photographs, documents, artwork, gardens, a can of soda, food and electronic devices etc.

Front 16

Non material Culture:

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Intangible produced by intellectual or spiritual development; also, the use of artifacts in a given culture. EX; Gestures, Language, Values, Norms, Sanctions, Folkways and Mores.

Front 17

Values:

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social agreements about what is considered good and bad, right and wrong, desirable, and undesirable.

Front 18

Norms:

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Socially defined rules of behaviour, including folkways, mores and laws

Front 19

Folkways:

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the customs and manners of society.

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Laws:

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Norms that are formalized and backed by political authority.

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Mores:

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norms that have moral basis

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Sanctions:

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Social consequences for conforming to or violating norms. Types of sanctions include: positive, negative, formal and informal.

Front 23

Taboos:

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social or religious custom prohibiting or forbidding discussion of a particular practice or forbidding association. (Incest)

Front 24

SAPIR WHORFTHEORY:

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assertion that language helps to shape reality for those experiencing it.

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INGROUP:

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An in-group is a group that we belong to and strongly identify with.

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OUTGROUP:

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The out-group is a group to which a person is not a member and is not loyal to.

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PRIMARY GROUP:

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Primary groups are those that are close-knit. They are typically small scale, include intimate relationships, and are usually long lasting. The members of primary groups feel a strong personal identity with the group.

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Social Interaction:

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Social interaction is the process by which we act and react to those around us.

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Socialization:

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the adoption of the behavior of the surrounding culture. The act of adapting behavior to the norms of a culture or society.

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AGENTSOF SOCIALIZATION:

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family, school, peers, media, workplace.

Front 31

What Is theLooking-Glass Self?:

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We imagine how others see us, we imagine the judgments others make about us, and we create our self-image according to the comments of others.

Front 32

Dramaturgical Approach:

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the self is made up of the various parts that people play, and a key goal of social actors is to present their various selves in ways that create and sustain particular impressions to their different audiences.

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Impression management:

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impression management is a goal-directed conscious or subconscious process in which people attempt to influence the perceptions of other people about a person, object or event; they do so by regulating and controlling information in social interaction.

Front 34

MEAD STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT: Imitation, Play, Game. c?eTj

Front 35

CONCEPT OF THESELF, Me:

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The 'me' is considered the socialized aspect of the individual. The 'me' represents learned behaviors, attitudes, and expectations of others and of society.

Front 36

The 'I'

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therefore, can be considered the present and future phase of the self. The 'I' represents the individual's identity based on response to the 'me.'

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Status:

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a position a person occupies within a social group.

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Ascribed status:

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status that society assigns to an individual on the basis of factors over which the individual has no control.

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Achieved status:

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a status assigned on the basis of some characteristics or behaviour over which the individual has some control.

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Master status:

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the status that is considered the most significant in a person's social identity.

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Role strain:

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The difficulty of meeting the responsibilities of a particular role in his or her life.

Front 42

Role Conflict:

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is when a person is expected to fulfill the duties of two contradictory positions. For example, a boss will suffer role conflict if forced to fire an employee who is also a close friend.

Front 43

Role:

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a set of rights, obligations, and expectations associated with a status.

Front 44

Social inequality:

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unequal distribution of resources.

Front 45

Social Stratification:

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hierarchy of positions with regard to economic production which influences the social rewards to those in the positions.

Front 46

OpenClass:

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is an economic system that has upward and downward mobility, is achievement-based, and allows social relations between the classes. Industrialized nations tend to have open class systems.

Front 47

ClosedClass system:

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system that confines people to their ancestral occupations, and their social status has mostly been prescribed by birth. Most closed class systems are found in less industrialized countries.

Front 48

Caste (closed) System:

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individual is permanently assigned to a status based on his or her parents' status.

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Social mobility:

Back 49

movement within and between classes.

Front 50

Vertical mobility:

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movement between classes

Front 51

Horizontal mobility:

Back 51

movement within the same social class

Front 52

SocialClass:

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A division of a society based on social and economic status. (High, mid, low)

Front 53

Prejudice:

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preconceived opinion that is not based on reason or actual experience.

Front 54

Discrimination:

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the unjust or prejudicial treatment of different categories of people or things, especially on the grounds of race, age, or sex.

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Race:

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is a group of people thought to share certain distinctive physical characteristics, such as facial structure or skin color.

Front 56

Ethnicity:

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refers to cultural traits that are shared by a category of people such as language, religion, or national origin.

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VisibleMinority:

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persons, other than Aboriginal peoples, who are non-Caucasian in race or non-white in colour.

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Racialization:

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processes of ascribing ethnic or racial identities to a relationship, social practice, or group that did not identify itself as such.

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Dominant group:

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not a majority, but group with power, privileges, and social status.

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Minority:

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people who are singled out for unequal treatment, and who view themselves as objects of collective discrimination.

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Assimilation:

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is a gradual process by which a person or group belonging to one culture adopts the practices of another, thereby becoming a member of that culture.

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Aboriginal Groups:

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indigenous peoples within the boundaries of present-day Canada. They comprise the First Nations, Inuit and Métis