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73 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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McDonaldization (George Ritzer)
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1) efficiency- things done quickly conjure up positive thoughts in our society.
2) calculability- mass produced items with exact preciseness. 3) uniformity and predictability- expected and controlled quality. 4) control through automation- machines help control quality. |
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Social Group
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two or more people who identify and interact with one another
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Category
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a group of people with a status in common
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Crowd
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loosely formed collections of people
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Primary Group (Charles Cooley)
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a small social group whose members share personal and lasting relationships
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Secondary Group (Charles Cooley)
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a large and impersonal social group whose members pursue a specific goal or activity
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Instrumental Leadership
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group dissection direction that emphasizes the completion of tasks
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Expressive Leadership
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focuses on collective well being
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Authoritarian leadership
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focuses on instrumental concerns, takes personal charge of decision making, and demands strict compliance from subordinates.
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Democratic leadership
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more expressive and makes a point of including everyone in the decision making process.
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Laissez faire leadership
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allows the group to function more or less on its own
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Solomon Asch's research
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experimented on a groups power to encourage conformity.
1/3 of all subjects in experiment chose incorrect line in order to conform with the group. |
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Stanley Miligram's research
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experiments goal was obedience to authority.
in experiment had teacher administering a shock whenever the learner failed to answer a question correctly |
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Irving Janis research
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groupthink- the tendency of group members to conform, resulting in a narrow view on some issues
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Reference group
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a social group that serves as a point of reference in making evaluations and decisions
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Ingroup
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a social group commanding a members esteem and loyalty
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Outgroup
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a social group toward which one feels competition or opposition
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the dyad
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social group with 2 members
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the triad
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social group with 3 members
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Formal organization
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large secondary groups that are organized to achieve their goals efficiently.
ex) US government |
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Utilitarian organization
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one that pays people for their efforts
ex) businesses, employers |
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Normative organization
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pursues goals thought to be morally worthwhile (not employment)
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Coercive organizing
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involuntary membership
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tradition (Weber)
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consists of behaviors, values, and beliefs passed from generation to generation
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rationality
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way of thinking that emphasizes deliberate, matter of fact calculation of the most efficient way to accomplish a particular task
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rationalization of society
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the historical change from tradition to rationality as the main mode of human thought.
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bureaucracy
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an organizational model rationally designed to perform tasks efficiently
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Max Weber's 6 key elements of bureaucracy
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1) specialization
2) hierarchy of positions 3) rules and regulation 4) technical competence 5) impersonality 6) formal, written communications |
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bureaucratic alienation (Weber)
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dehumanizes people through impersonality and efficiency
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bureaucratic ritualism (Robert Merton)
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a preoccupation with rules and regulations to the point of thwarting an organization's goals.
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bureaucratic ritualism
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stifles individual creativity and strangles organizational performance
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bureaucratic red tape
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rules that create inefficiency and gets in the way of getting the job done
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bureaucratic inertia
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tendency of bureaucratic organizations to keep going. once established its hard to destroy
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primary sex characteristics
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physical traits that differentiate males and females from birth.
ex) penis, vagina |
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secondary sex characteristics
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traits that emerge at puberty such as facial hair, lower voice.
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deviance
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the recognized violation of cultural norms
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crime
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violation of society's formally enacted criminal law.
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social control
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attempts by society to regulate people's thought and behavior
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criminal Justice system
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formal response by police, courts, and prison officials to alleged violations of the law
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Personality factors (psychological)
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deviance may be viewed as unsuccessful socialization
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social foundations of deviance
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all behavior, deviant or conformity is shaped by environment
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deviance fulfills four essential functions
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1) deviance affirms cultural values and norms
2) responding to deviance clarifies moral boundaries 3) responding to deviance promotes social unity 4) deviance encourages social change |
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Merton strain theory
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conformity, innovation, ritualism, retreatism, rebellion
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6 characteristics of delinquent subcultures (Walter Miller)
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1) trouble
2) toughness 3) smartness 4) need for excitement 5) belief in fate 6) desire for freedom |
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Elijah Anderson
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although most from poor urban neighborhoods do conform to conventional values, some develope a street code due to a rough lifestyle
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labeling theory
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the idea that deviance and conformity result not only from what people do but from how others respond to those actions.
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primary deviance
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a norm violation which is passing phase in life
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secondary deviance
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an individual repeatedly violates a norm and begins to take on a deviant identity
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stigma
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powerfully negative label that greatly changes a persons self concept and social identity
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Sutherland differential association theory
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Edwin Sutherland believes that a persons tendency toward conformity or deviance is dependent upon the amount of encouragement or rejection of conventional behavior from others
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Hirschi's theory
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Travis Hirschi developed control theory which states that social control depends on imagining the consequences of ones behavior
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Steven Spitzer
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points out that the label is deviance may be made to one who interferes with the operation of capitalism
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extended family
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a family unit that includes parents and children, as well as other kin.
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nuclear family
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family unit composed of one or two parents and their children
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endogamy
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marriage between two people of the same social category
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exogamy
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marriage between two people of different social categories
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polygyny
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marriage uniting 1 male and 2 or more females
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polyandry
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marriage uniting 1 female and 2 or more males
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patrilocality
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residential pattern where married a married couple lives with or near the husband's family
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matrilocality
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residential pattern where a married couple lives with or near the wife's parents
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patterns of descent
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refer to system by which members of a society trace kinship over generations
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patrilineal descent
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system tracing kinship through men or their father's
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matrilineal descent
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system of tracing kinship through women or their mother's
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bilateral descent
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system of tracing kinship through both men and women
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patriarchy
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male headed family
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matriarchy
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female headed family
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functions of family
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socialization
regulation of sexual activity social placement material and emotional security |
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stages of family life
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courtship and romantic love
settling in: ideal and real marriage child rearing the family in later life |
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how many marriage end in divorce?
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4/10
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how many divorcees remarry?
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1/2
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how many marriages are remarriages?
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1/4
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Secularization
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Refers to the historical decline in the importance of the supernatural and sacred
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Civil religion
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Equality religious loyalty binding individuals in a basically secular society. Post 911 America
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