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150 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Social Control
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techniques and strategies for preventing behavior that's violating social norms
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Mechanism of social control
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(ex: laws, legislation, family members telling us what to do)
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Informal Social Control
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casual, subtle ways of dissaprovement (ex: give a pregnant lady that is drinking a dirty look)
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Formal Social Control
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Carried out by police and officials, may involve jail or fines
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Deviance
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behavior that violates social norms or expectations
-affected by time, culture,place (ex: alcoholics, wearing jeans to formal event) |
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behaviors that USED to be deviant
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ex: women wearing pants, interracial relationships
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behaviors that are NOW deviant but didn't used to be
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ex: smoking, child labor
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Stigma
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labels used to devalue members of certain social groups (ex: ex-addict, If you have ever been in Jail)
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Conflict Perspective
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-who are the powerful groups?
-who shapes what the social norms are? |
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Functionalist Perspective
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- promote social unity
- look at deviance to keep our society in place |
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Erickson
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It makes sense to have a couple of people in the community labeled as deviant
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Socially Constructive
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EX: using "deviant" music in a classy jaguar commerical
- targets baby boomers by using formally "deviant" familiar music |
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Labeling Theory
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Why some people are labeled as being "deviant" and others doing the same thing are not
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William Chambliss **
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- teenage boys
- Saints, Roughneacks -not behavior that was "deviant" It depended on who was acting that way- race -response to the act which makes it deviant, not the act itself |
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Saints
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Never arrested- white rich kids
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Roughneacks
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lower social class kids
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Hagen **
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3 dimensions: Severity, Percieved harmfulness, public agreement
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Severity of social response
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(Ex: Homicide- severe, Tattoo- dissaproving)
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Percieved harmfulness of the act
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(ex: Rape- very harmful, piercing- not very harmful)
- the perception of what is harmful changes, not the actual harmfulness |
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Degree of public agreement about whether or not the act should be considered deviant
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Disconsensus
(ex: marijuana- some OK, others NOT, others certain uses ok) - is there agreement that it is deviant or just a slight deviation |
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Consensus Crimes
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Very harmufl- high agreement- severe punishment
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Conflict crimes
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- deiviant acts considered illegal by state
- more contorversial definitions |
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Social Deviations
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- widely considered deviant and somewhat harmful- subject to individual institutional penalties
(ex: plagerism) |
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Social Diversions
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Minor acts of deviance- harmless - minor social reaction
(ex: participating in a fashion fad) |
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Social Network
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a series of relationships linking people to other people ( ex: facebook)
- can be used to look at how disease spreads through linking people |
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constrain
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limiting the range of interaction
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empower
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making vast resources available
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Patterns of exchange
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Hear about jobs from other people (ex: immigrant workers)
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Formal Organizations
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structuref organization designed for maximum efficiancy
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bureaucracy
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-part of a fromal organization
-rules and hierarchical ranking are used to achieve efficiancy |
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ideal type beaurocracy
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-used to analyze beaurocracy
-complex,large organizations |
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division of labor
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-produce efficiancy
(ex: UD- (admissions, grounds, president, etc.) - gives people jobs to seperate responsibilities |
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Hierarchy of authority
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- keep institutional order
-clarifies who's in command NEG: lower ranks don't have much say- upper have more power |
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Written rules and regulations
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(ex: UD has specific course requirements- written rules)
NEG: stifles you from exploring other courses (ex: in keeping to the rules, the credit card company lost a customer) -goal becomes fulfilling requirements rather about learning what you want |
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Impersonality
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-reduced bias
-everyone treated the same way (ex: housing on the computer) Neg: no attachment- alienation |
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Employment based on Technological qualifications
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- based on merit and skill, no favoritism
NEG: only speciized in that one area - fosters Peter Principle |
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Peter Principle
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you do so well at your job that you reach a plateau and don't do your job that well- no room for advancement
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Dean Champion **
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Organizational: structure, control, beahvior, change
Goal: multiplication and succession |
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Organizational Structure
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size, complexity, and how formal the organization is (how written down and codefied it is)
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Organizational control
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-size of management
- bureacratization - centralized or de-centrali. - how are the levels of authority divided |
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Organizational behavior
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- pos. or neg. working climate?
- effectiveness - goals |
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Organizational change
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- consistant level of employees?
- conflict - willing the change/adapt? - growth - consistan leadership? - use of technology |
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goal multiplication
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takes place when an org. expands its purposes- usually when the org.'s survival is threatened
(ex: YMCA originally religious- then expanded to serve all people) |
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goal succession
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when an org. has reached, or been denied it's goal
- has to reinvent itself (ex: website focused on Clinton then had to move on to current issues) |
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status
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socially defined positions
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Ascribed status
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- assigned label (usually at birth)
- you share it with other members of that "group" (ex: race, gender, social class, disability) |
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Achieved status
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-attained through your own efforts
- influenced by ascribed status (discrimination affects what you can do) |
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Master status
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people see this status first and formost in making opinions about us
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status symbols
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material signs that inform others of your status
(ex: wearing wedding ring) |
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Role
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expectations for people of a certain social position or status
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Role expectation
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a group expectation of how a certain role should be played
ex: (cab drivers- expect they know their way around) |
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Role performance
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the way a person actually plays a role on a day to day basis
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Role conflict
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demands from different roles compete with one another
(ex: work conflicts with school) |
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Role strain
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conflictin demands within the same role
(ex: being mom & spending time with child, being mom & working to support child) |
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Role ambiguity
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Unclear expectations about what a role involves
(ex: how can community police do their job AND be friends with the people?) |
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Role exit
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Disengagement from a personally important role and the establishment of a new role/identity
(ex: coming out of the military and joining civilian life) |
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Ebaugh
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4 Stages: Doubt, Looing for different Strategies, Action, Looking for new identity
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Doubt
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individual goes through doubt about original role
(ex: switiching careers, person begins to doubt original role) |
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looking for different strategies
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explore options
(ex: trial separation for couple) |
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Action
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"departure stage"- clear turning point
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Looking for new identity
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taking on something new to replace the old
(ex: alcholic -> recovering alcoholic) |
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BITH- agents of socialization
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family, school, police
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social structure
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way which a society is organized
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social institution
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organized pattern of behavior centered around basic needs
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social interaction
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ways which people respond to one another
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Negotiated order
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social structure from interactions where people defne and re-define their character
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social institutions in BITH
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police as govt., military as institution
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BITH
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-kids surrounded by violence
-teens have gender roles and live in fear - adults- gentrification |
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BITH- negotiated order
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- will you be an agent of change
-college scout- you can do what you set your mind to regarless of the "boundaries" |
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Anthony Giddens**
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structuration
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structuration
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structure and agency working together
(ex: formalized english language- incorportaes slang) (UD- formalized sidewalks accomodate people cutting across the grass) |
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agency
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the power of the human to act on the system
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defining social reality
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refelcts a group's power within a society
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Functionalist - social structure
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-sense of order
-predictable structure - ability to interpret social situtations |
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conflict- social structure
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-limit options
- Marx: reflects system of relationships for domination |
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Interactionist- social structure
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-how we attach meaning to things
- how we make change |
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the Audience
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-study at Macro and micro level
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macro
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how society is affected by whats on TV
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micro
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how it brings people together with common interests
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the media concentration
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- 3 major corp. produce all the shows we watch
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ethnocentrism and the mass media
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- based on US standards- dominant culture
- global level of thought |
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Feminist View of TV
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- women shallow & obsessed with beauty
- affect younger girls body image |
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interactionist view of TV
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-social networks that form as a result of TV(fan clubs, blogs)
- how people interact with one another over media |
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functionalist- media
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how the media ties people together
-informs -profit -entertainment |
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agents of socialization
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-social cohesion
-common view of culture - TV babysitter - bring society together- national events |
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Robert Park Study
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1920's newspaper articles helped immigrants assimilate to culture
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Healthcare and mass media
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- medicine ads
- look up symptoms on internet - health care paraphanalia - infomercials |
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Surveillance function
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someone else is choosing what you get to know
- collection of info. from one source- dissemination to another |
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Conferral of Status
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how mass media provides us with a hierarchy of people
(celebs/sports figures) |
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Narcotizing Effect
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- disfunction
- so much media consumed- become numb- unaffected (ex: 9/11 so much media- didn't affect ppl anymore) |
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Conflict view- media **
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divides society based on:
- racial inequalities - gender - ethnicity - social class |
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who has the power? Dominant Ideology- stereotypes in the media
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higher class, white male, executive producers provide us with the shows we watch
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The Buddy movie
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white male with ethnic sidekick- one-liners play into racial sterotypes
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political power
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struggle between political views displayed
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Merton's theory fo conformity
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the value put on being a certain way- means and goals
- Find certain means in order to achieve a goal |
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Goffman **
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-discredited (visible) deviance- noticible
-discredible (invisible) deviance- less noticible |
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medical model
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disabled viewed as chronic patients
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civil rights model
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those with disabilities face widespread discrimination, prejudice, and segregation
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"job work"
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clean several houses on a weekly bases for a flat rate
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Hondagneu Sotelo
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observed mexican immigrant women
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Dominguez and Watkins
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networks provided for low income women
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Gemeinschaft
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-rural life
-community -social interaction |
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Gesellschaft
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-urban life
- privacy - self- interest |
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Hunting and Gathering
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beginning of human life
- nomads- reliance on readily avalible food |
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horticultural
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more setteled
- dev. of agriculture -limited tech. |
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Agrarian
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- larger
- tech. - more stable settlements - increased crop yeilds - specialization of labor |
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Industrial
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- relaince on mechanics
- sources of energy - workplaces - formal education |
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postindustrial
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-reliance on services
- expanded middle class |
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postmodern
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-high tech.
- mass consumption of consumer goods - cross-cultural integration |
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Durkheim
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social structure depends on division of labor
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mechanical solidarity
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small div. of labor & collective conciousness
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organic solidarity
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large div. of labor & interdependance
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sociocultural evolution
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change & development that results from growth in their information
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Mac Donaldization
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Ritzer
- fast- food coming to dominate more and more of the world |
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primary group
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-small
- intimate - cooperative |
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secondary group
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-large
- short duration - impersonal |
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Pizza delivery men
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comedian, adventurer, denier, fatalist, pro
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Labor union
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members who share the same skill or employer
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in- group
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any group to which ppl feel that they belong
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out-group
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a group to whih ppl feel that they do not belong
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reference group
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used for ppl's evaluations of themselves and other's behaviors
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dyads
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simplest group- 2 members
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triads
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3 member groups
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coalitions
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alliance geared toward a common goal
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voluntary associations
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common interest groups people participate in
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classical theory
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workers motivated by money
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focus group
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-10- 15 ppl
-discusses pre-determined topic - moderator |
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human relations approach
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focus on informal structure of org.
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Iron law of Oligarchy
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orgs. develop into bearocracies ruled by few individuals
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Scientific management approach
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classical theory
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telecommuter
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someone who uses fax, phone, comp, to work from home
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gatekeeping
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controlling the media whihc reaches the public
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opinion leader
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someone who influences the opinions of others through day to day personal contacts
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obediance
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compliance with higher authorities in a hierarchical structure
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Scientific management approach
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classical theory
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telecommuter
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someone who uses fax, phone, comp, to work from home
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gatekeeping
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controlling the media whihc reaches the public
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opinion leader
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someone who influences the opinions of others through day to day personal contacts
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obediance
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compliance with higher authorities in a hierarchical structure
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cultural transmission
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argues that criminal behavior is learned through social interaction
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anomie theory of deviance
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Merton's theory
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differential association
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Sutherland
- violation of rules is a result of exposure to criminal attitudes |
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routine activities theory
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victimization increases with a convergence of offenders and targets
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professional crime
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day-to day occupation
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organized crime
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a group that regulates relations of criminals involved in illegal activities
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white-collar crime
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commited by affluent "respectable" ppl
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victimless crime
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willing exchange between adults of illegal goods
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social constructionist perspective
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culture contributes to the creation of deviant behavior
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social-reaction approach
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labeling theory
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victimization survey
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given to people to determine if they were a victim of crime
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