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81 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Material Culture
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The physical objects created by a culture ex; buildings, tools
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non-material culture
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ways of using material culture
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ethnocentrism
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belief in the superiority of one's own culture
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cultural relativism
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The viewing of people's behavior from the perspective of their own culture
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xenocentrism
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belief that one's own culture is inferior
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Formal norm
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a written out punishment for those who violate it (a law)
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informal norm
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not official, but generally understood (ex: appropriate attire)
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Folkway
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just something agreed that you don't do, but not a big deal if you do it anyway (ex: amish ppl don't drive)
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More
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something with major consequeces if you do it when your not supposed to (ex: murder)
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Sanction
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a pentaly or reward for conduct concerning a social norm
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socialization
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lifelong learning about the behaviors and actions of being a member of your culture
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symbolic
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family level relations- identity - how they show who they are (ex: amish clothing)
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Functionalist Perspective
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well- integrated society people are socialized to preform social functions- public punishments reinforce th social order
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Maifest Functions
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concious function(ex: education is manifest function of UD)
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Latent Function
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unconcious function; hidden purpose (ex: to keep unemployment down)
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dysfunctions
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may disrupt social system & lead to instability (ex; drug use)
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Conflict Perspective
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Underplays social cohesion or stability, opposing viewpoints; competition between different groups
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Interactionist Perspective
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One on One interactions- understanding of everyday behavior- people create their social worlds through interaction
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Authority
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Power that is put over people and is recognized by the people it's put over
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Traditional Authority
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customs or accepted practices in a given culture
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Legal-Rational Authority
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Power made legitimate by law
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Charismatic Authority
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Power made by a leader's personal emotional appeal to their followers (ex: Oprah, Joan of Arc)
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Force
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Coercsion- threatening
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Influence
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using power through the process of persuasion
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Micro soci perspective
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social interaction- how people react to us on a day to day basis
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Macro soci perspective
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How we transmit ideas and attitudes about our culture over succeeding generations
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Anticipatory Socilization
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rehearsals for future social interaction
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Resocialization
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- dicarding old behaviors and accepting new ones
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Total institutions
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Regulate all aspects of a persons life- PRISON- Break down existing identity of a person and give them uiniformity
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Focus groups
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people feed off of one another- but people might be intimidated to share in a group setting- evaluation research
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Value Neutrality
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Acknowledge your biases
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Operational definition
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explanations of abstract concepts you're interested in studying
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variable
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a measurement characteristic
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dependant variable
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dependant on the independant variable
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independant variable
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influences another variable to change
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research design
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surveys, questionnaires, etc
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Hawthorne effect
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tried different things to see what increased worker productivity
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Disseminating results
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share your information
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Barbara Ehrenreich
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undercover- studied people she was working with
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Mitchell Duneier
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lived like a hobo to study people- immersed himself in environment
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Non-Participant observation
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subjects are unaware that they are being studied
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Secondary analysis
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uses data collected by other people- con: relys on their data- pro: good for time
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sociology
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The systematic study of social behavior in human groups
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Comte
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- coined term Sociology
- more rational thinking - systematic behavior to improve society |
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Martineau
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- UK and US relations
- activist - economy- how they solve social problems |
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Spencer
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- applied Darwin's evolutionary view to the development of societies
- SURVIVAL of the fittest |
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Durkheim
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- religion
- group cohesion - Anomie- sense of aloness - Suicide |
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Weber
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-Verstehen-
-ideal type- understand the inside not just the outside |
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Marx
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-communist manifesto
- poor and bourgeoise - society is divided by class struggles |
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Cooley
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face-to face interactions- gangs, families, friendship networks
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Addams
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- FEMALE
- combined theoretical interest and Social service work - juvenile court system- underpriveleged |
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Merton
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-Deviant behavior
- Macro and Micro level approaches -deviation from socially accepted behavior to achieve other socially accepted goals (cheat on a test in order to pass) |
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Parsons
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- functionalist perspective
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DuBois
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NAACP- helped form- assist in the fight against racism
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Wells- Barnets
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- Black Female
- feminist theorist - wrote about lynchings |
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Mead
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-interactionist perspective
-interactions in small groups - how people react with non-verbal cues (nodding, smiles, etc) |
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Goffman
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-symbolic interactionist
-dramaturgical approach- seeing life as though you are watching a play- the world is your stage |
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Sociological theory
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trying to explain human behavior
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Microstructures
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intimate social relations formed through face-to face interactions(ex: families, friendship circles, etc.)
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Macrostructures
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-social relations that lie outside your circle of intimates Patriarchy-inequality between men and women(ex: household work)
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Global Structures
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- how global factors lead to inequality, have an impact
-international organizations,economic relations between countries |
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Inductive
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begin with data- analyze data -build theory
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deductive
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begin with theory- collect data- test theory
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death penalty cases
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80% white
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postage stamp
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Jane Addams
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37% BAS/MA graduates
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Business and Commerce
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high educational levels
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high income levels
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causal logic
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independant variable influences dependant variable
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scientific method
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define problem, review literature, formulate hypothesis, collect and analyze data, and develop conclusion
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NHSLS
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survey to better understand sexual practices of adults in the U.S
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content analysis
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the recording of data guided by some rationale.
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Murdock
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cultural universals- general practices foudn in every culture
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diffusion
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the spread of cultural items from one place to another
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Piaget
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cognitive theory of development- 4 stages- moral development linked to socialization
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Mead
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Stages of the self
-theory of self |
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Preperatory Stage
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children imitate those around them- symbols
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Play stage
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children pretend to be other people- role taking
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Game stage
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child starts to understand their position and the positions of the people around them
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generalized other
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child takes into account others, not just themselves
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face-work
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responding to embarassing or rejecting situations
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impression management
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Sharing grades with "Aces", and "Bombers"
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