Sociology Test #1

Front 1

Definition of sociology

Back 1

Sociology: “is the systematic study of the relationship between the individual and society and of the consequences of the difference.”

An alternative definition:
“the study of human social behavior.”

Front 2

Two dimensions of research: empirical and rational

Back 2

Empirical: the process of collecting data.

Rational: the process of conceptualizing relationships.

Front 3

Example: ?'s study of suicide

Back 3

Emile Durkheim’s (1897) study of suicide.

Facts:

Married individuals have lower rates
of suicide than singles.

Catholics and Jews have lower rates
of suicide than Protestants. t

Front 4

egoistic suicide
altruistic suicide
anomic suicide

Back 4

Egoistic suicide - suicide resulting from weak ties to others.

Altruistic suicide - suicide resulting from extremely strong ties to others.

Anomic suicide - suicide resulting from disruption caused by absence of, or change in, social norms.

Front 5

spuriousness

Back 5

a statistical relationship may exist between two variables, but it is a “meaningless” one. A third and unidentified variable accounts for the seemingly apparent relationship.

Front 6

scientific validity
scientific reliability

Back 6

technique used to collect information does what its claimed to do(ex. iq test measures iq)

the same technique under the same conditions will show same results

*If something is valid it must be reliable. If something is reliable it doesn't mean its valid.

Front 7

UCR

Back 7

uniform crime report

*also know problems invovled with UCR

Front 8

Experiments

Back 8

Stanley Milgram and obedience to authority.

Front 9

Particiaption Observation

Back 9

Laud Humphreys and The Tearoom Trade.

Front 10

Symbolic Interactionism

Back 10

W. I. Thomas theorem: “if men
define situations as real, they are
real in their consequences.”

Front 11

Functionalism

Back 11

Example: Kingsley Davis
Davis argues that prostitution is
beneficial for society. How?
Why?

*herbert spencer

Front 12

Fraud: The Case of Cyril Burt (1883-1971)

Back 12

twins

Front 13

Key Term: Hawthorne Effect (Elton Mayo)

Back 13

workplace enhancement study

Front 14

Sheldon (1942,1954) linked body build to personality traits:

Endomorph-
Mesomorph-
Ectomorph-

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Endomorph- round contours, softness, central concentration of mass, underdeveloped muscles
Mesomorph- muscular physique with a prominence of bones and muscles/tendons
Ectomorph- flat chest, frail and delicate structure, little muscular development

Front 15

Associated personality clusters:

Back 15

Viscerotonia-(endomorph) fond of food, apprehensive, insecure, amiable, sleeps well, conforms to social conventions, loves comfort and relaxation

Somatotonia-(mesomorph) adventurous, likes strenuous exercise and cold showers, dresses informally, withstands pain easily and willingly, assertive, direct, aggressive

Cerebrotonia-(ectomorph) asocial, lacks desire for exercise, nonadventurous, tense, inhibited, introverted

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Somatype

Back 16

rating system
(7 point scale) on each
body type.

Front 17

Freud argued that we have certain inborn drives. Reactions to the expressions of these motives lay the groundwork for the emergence of personality traits. A key drive is the libido.

Back 17

Stages of Psychosexual Development
I. Oral Stage (0-2)
II. Anal Stage (2-3)
III. Phallic Stage (3-5)
- Oedipus Complex
- Electra Complex
IV. Latency Period (5-12)
V. Genital Stage (12+)

Front 18

positive reinforcement
punishment
negative reinforcement

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Positive reinforcement - the presence of something leads to an increase in a specific behavior.

Punishment - the presence of something leads to a decrease in a specific behavior.

Negative reinforcement - the absence of something leads to a increase in a specific behavior.

Front 19

Charles Cooley:
The Looking-glass Self

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1) Imagination of how we
appear to others.
2) Evaluation of that perception.
3) Resulting self-conception.

Front 20

George Herbert Mead:
Social Behaviorism

Back 20

Key terms:
1) Role taking
2) The I-Me Dialogue
3) Play and Games
4) The Generalized Other

Front 21

The Historical Background of 
Early Biological Theories:

Back 21

The Eugenics (from the Greek roots for good and generation) Movement began in approximately 1883 and is attributed to the work of Francis Galton. Galton advocated the regulation of marriage and family size according to the hereditary endowment of the parents. Under the influence of the Eugenics Movement, by 1930s, more than thirty states had passed laws mandating the forcible sterilization of the mentally handicapped and certain criminals (rapists). Virginia's sterilization law was passed in 1924.

Front 22

sociological imagination

Back 22

an awareness of the relationship between an idividual and the wider society

Front 23

microsociology

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stresses the study of small groups and the analysis of our everyday experiences and interactions. It emphasizes the significance of perception, of how we see others and how they see us.

Front 24

anomie

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the loss of direction felt in a society which social control of individual behavior has become ineffective

Front 25

theory

Back 25

a set of statements that seeks to explain problems, actions, or behaviors

Front 26

Steps in the Research Process

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Define the problem
Review the literature
Formulate a hypothesis
Collect and analyze data
Develop the conclusion

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control variable

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a factor that the researcher holds constant to test the relative impact of an independent variable

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mean- average
median- midpoint
mode

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- a number calculated by adding a series of values and then dividing by the number of values
-the number that divides a series of values into two groups of equal numbers and values
-single most common value in a series of scores and is seldom used in sociological research

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ethnography

Back 29

the study of an entire social setting through extended systematic observation

Front 30

the ____ is exposed to an independent variable; the _____is not

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experimental group; control group

Front 31

secondary analysis

Back 31

a variety of research techniques that make use of a previously collected and publicly accessible information and data

Front 32

ASA Code of Ethics

Back 32

sociologists must abide by certain specific standards in conducting research

Front 33

dramaturgical approach

Back 33

studies interaction as if we were all actors on a stage

Front 34

impression management

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goffman referred to this altering of the presentation of the self as this

Front 35

face-work

Back 35

we want to maximize others to see us in a positive light, and in order to maximize the possibliity of this outcome, we engage in face-work

Front 36

differential association

Back 36

exposure to attitudes favorable to criminal acts leads to the violation of rules

Front 37

classical conditioning

operant conditioning

Back 37

In classical conditioning a stimulus that already leads to a response is replaced by a different stimulus.

In operant conditioning a behaviour is picked out and either reinforced or punished to make it more or less common

Front 38

heteronomous morality

autonomous morality

Back 38

Heteronomous morality - strict obedience/right and wrong are based on fear of punishment.

Autonomous morality -obedience/right and wrong based moral principles/rules.

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Buck vs. Bell (1927)

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started eugenics

Front 40

Lombroso and the born criminal

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physical appearance determines whether your a criminal or not

Front 41

case of phineas gage

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injured frontal lobe made phineas into a psychopath

Front 42

the limbic system and the orbito-frontal cortex

Back 42

limbic generates emotions and or.. makes you stop, rethink and reflect, whats right or how your behavior affects others

after about 2, it becomes a physiological condition

Front 43

felicific calculus

Back 43

algorithm for calculating the degree or amount of pleasure that a specific action is likely to cause