Sociology Review For Test 4

Front 1

Power

Back 1

The ability to make someone do something they do not want to do; or, the ability to carry out one’s will, even over the resistance of others

Front 2

Traditional authority

Back 2

authority based on custom in small, preindustrial societies

Front 3

Representative democracy

Back 3

you elect people who in turn make decisions on your behalf

Front 4

Oligarchy

Back 4

rule by the few

Front 5

The debate about democracy in the U.S.

Back 5

Pluralists believe that there is a true democracy; elitists such as C. Wright Mills believe there is very little real democracy and that a small elite runs things.

Front 6

Characteristics of capitalism

Back 6

private ownership of the means of production, free markets, pursuit of profit

Front 7

Characteristics of socialism

Back 7

public ownership of the means of production, central economic planning, distribution of goods without profit motive

Front 8

Voucher system

Back 8

Government issues a voucher which is the same as tuition money. Not a popular trend in Louisiana although the Bush Administration likes the idea. Critics say it violates the Constitutional separation between church and state

Front 9

Charter schools

Back 9

a private company comes in to run the school. Edison Schools is one of the nation’s leading providers of charter schools. They have produced mixed results, sometimes exceeding expectations and other times not meeting expectations

Front 10

Max Weber

Back 10

author of the book, The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism

Front 11

The Protestant Ethic

Back 11

the work habits of Protestants, including, hard work, self-denial, morality, and frugality. This work ethic comes through in the writings of Ben Franklin

Front 12

Calvinist

Back 12

followers of John Calvin, they were the type of Protestants that Weber was especially interested in; and they best exemplified the protestant ethic. They often reinvested profits back into their businesses

Front 13

Predestination

Back 13

the Calvinist idea that God knows whether one will be saved or go to heaven; and this is known by Him (God) at the moment of one’s birth. Roots of capitalism can be traced back to this belief, according to Max Weber

Front 14

Church

Back 14

a large, socially acceptable organization that is heavily bureaucratic

Front 15

Sect

Back 15

smaller than a church, and often a “breakaway” group from one of the churches; may have rigid requirements in order to join. There is tension between the sect and the society. Sects may eventually grow into churches.

Front 16

Cult

Back 16

a new religious tradition; often this new tradition is opposed to the culture as a whole

Front 17

Demography

Back 17

the scientific study of human population

Front 18

Malthus theorem

Back 18

population grows geometrically; food supply grows arithmetically. Result is disastrous.

Front 19

New Malthusians

Back 19

these are people today who believe that Malthus and his theorem was correct. They foresee a future planet with too many people and not enough food.

Front 20

Anti Malthusians

Back 20

these people do not believe in the Malthus theorem but believe in an alternate theory called the demographic transition.

Front 21

Migration

Back 21

the movement of people in and out of a specified area; this is one of three demographic variables used to project future populations

Front 22

Mortality

Back 22

deaths, or, the death rate; this is one of three demographic variables used to project future populations

Front 23

Fertility

Back 23

births, or, the birth rate; this is one of three demographic variables used to project future populations

Front 24

Metropolis

Back 24

a central city surrounded by smaller cities and suburbs

Front 25

Megalopolis

Back 25

two or more metropolises that overlap

Front 26

Urbanization

Back 26

the growth of urban areas; or, stated another way, the process by which an increasing proportion of a population lives in urban areas

Front 27

Edge City

Back 27

towns that appear suddenly on the edges of major cities; they consist of apartments, hotels, malls, and businesses, usually near the intersections of major highways

Front 28

Three models of urban development

Back 28

Concentric zone: urban area grows from downtown outward, diagram looks like a target with a bull’s eye (Chicago model)

Sector model: urban area grows up and around transportation arteries and natural boundaries such as lakes, rivers (Lake Charles model)

Multiple nuclei: several city centers (Los Angeles model)

Front 29

concentric zone

Back 29

urban area grows from downtown outward, diagram looks like a target with a bull’s eye (Chicago model)

Front 30

sector model

Back 30

urban area grows up and around transportation arteries and natural boundaries such as lakes, rivers (Lake Charles model)

Front 31

multiple nuclei

Back 31

several city centers (Los Angeles model)

Front 32

Types of collective behavior

Back 32

types include things such as fads, fashions, rumors, mass hysteria, riots, crowds, emerging social movements and mature social movements

Front 33

social movement

Back 33

an organized effort to create or resist change

Front 34

Emerging social movement

Back 34

the early stages of the social movement; things are often disorganized. Sociologists study these as well as the more mature social movements

Front 35

Mature social movement

Back 35

later stages of the social movement; the movement now has a bureaucracy, a stable structure, and officers who run the organization. Sociologists study these as well as the younger, emerging social movements

Front 36

Types of social movements

Back 36

alterative, redemptive, reformative, transformative

Front 37

alterative

Back 37

seeks to alter some particular behavior of people

Front 38

redemptive

Back 38

seeks total change of the individual

Front 39

reformative

Back 39

seeks to change or reform some aspect of society (a reform movement)

Front 40

transformative

Back 40

seeks to change the social order itself (a revolutionary movement)

Front 41

Matabe virus

Back 41

a fictional virus in the movie called Outbreak! but still a good example of an emerging virus (doctors don’t know what it is when it arrives; and, it mutates in different strains)

Front 42

SARS

Back 42

an emerging virus, and a real life example

Front 43

Anthrax (types)

Back 43

cutaneous (skin), inhalation (inhaling into lungs, it is fatal), digestive