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53 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
A group of people who depend on one another for survival or well-being, through obligations, privileges, and rights.
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Society
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What four things do small-scale societies have in common?
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History, language, territory, and culture
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What is another term for small-scale societies?
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"communities of memory"
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What are "communities of memory"?
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a group of ppl in which membership is conferred thru birth and endures thru time in a rooted historical tradition
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An interdisciplinary study that focuses on changes in physical, psychological, and social behavior as experienced by individuals across the lifespan from conception to death
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Human Development
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What constitutes membership in a society?
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Age and citizenship
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the scientific study seeking to understand how and why people change, and how and why they remain the same, as they grow older, in a sociological context
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Developmental sociology
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cultural similarities and differences in developmental processes and their outcomes as expressed by behavior in individuals and groups
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Cross-cultural human development
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What are some developmental processes?
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education
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the systematic study of relationships between the cultural context of human development and the behaviours that become established in the repertoire of individuals growing up in a particular culture
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cross-cultural psychology
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that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, laws, customs, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by humans as a member of society
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culture
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the way of life of a society, comprising: 1. material culture (artifacts) 2. ideas, values, attitudes, and beliefs 3. patterned ways of behavior
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culture
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Developmental sociology focuses on cultural norms (w/ one exception), or "normal development," the usual patterns of growth and change that everyone follows to some degree, but which no one follows exactly. What is that exception?
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teenages
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Why should developmental sociologists study societies other than their own?
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It puts our own society into perspective (comparisons, visual belief)
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What are the three areas that Developmental sociology is seperated into?
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Biosocial domain, Cognitive domain, and psychosocial domain.
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Biosocial domain
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the development of the body, its physical growth, and the environment and sociocultural factors that affect that development
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Cognitive domain
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the development of the mind and its education
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Psychosocial domain
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the development of the emotions and personality
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What is the range of the normative stage of life or "prime of life"?
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21-40 years old
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Ecological Approach
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studies the physical and social contexts in which an individual develops
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Social Contexts of Development -- Historical
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prevailing assumptions, cohort differences (ppl you grow up with, same age, one generation vs. another) critical public events, current technology, popular trends
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Social Contexts of Development -- Socio-economic
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Income, occupation, education, residence
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Social Contexts of Development -- Cultural-ethic
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prevailing assumptions
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What is a social model?
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A simplified representation of a social system or phenomenon; like theories, models generate testable hypotheses meriting further investigation
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What is a theory?
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a set of interconnected hypotheses that have been repeatedly tested and not rejected; offers general explanations for natural or social phenomenon; tentative and subject to modification
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What is a hypothesis?
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a testable, falsifiable proposition concerning the relationship between particular sets of variables
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What are the three goals for Human Development?
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1) improve theory, 2) discover similarities and differences across cultures, 3) synthesis - integrate findings toward a more unified discipline
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What is Bronfenbrenner's theory of development known as?
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the ecology of human development
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What is the ecology of human development, described by Bronfenbrenner?
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An individual is seen not as a passive and static entity on which the environment exerts great influence, but as a dynamic and evolving being that interacts with, and thereby restructures, the many environments with which it comes into contact
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What is Bronfenbrenner's Microsystem?
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the interactions between the child and her immediate environment (family, preschool, church group) and resulting behaviors such as dependence or independence and cooperation or competition.
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What is Bronfenbrenner's Mesosystem?
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Comprises the linkages and processes taking place between two or more settings containing the developing person; recognizes that the individual microsystems are not independent but are closely interrelated and influence each other
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What is Bronfenbrenner's Exosystem?
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Beyond the child's immediate environment in which he/she may not be a part of but influences his/her development significantly. e.g. parents place of work, community health and welfare institutions, mass media, neighbors
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What is Bronfenbrenner's Macrosystem?
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the most complex system which consists of the attitudes, ideologies, customs, values, and laws considered important to the culture
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What is Bronfenbrenner's Chronosystem?
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The systems of the society adapting over time as the society changes; the time and sociohistorical conditions
*things change |
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a theory devised by Super and Harkness saying the child is at the center
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Super and Harkness's Developmental Niche
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What are the three interrelated components of Super and Harkness' Developmental Niche?
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1) Physical and social settings of daily life in which a child lives 2) Culturally regulated customs of childcare 3) Psychology of caretakers
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What is Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development?
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theorized that individuals learn by actively constructing their own cognitive world
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The period in which the coordination of sensory abilities and motor skills when a child understands the world largely thru immediate actions and sensations
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The sensorimotor stage, or infancy; birth to 2
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What is object permanence?
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the awareness that objects remain the same or continue to exist even when they cannot be seen
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The stage where the development of language, use of symbols, and egocentric thinking are established
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Preoperational, or early childhook; 2 to 6
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The stage where the performance of tasks involving conservation, in which thinking is governed by fundamental rules of logic
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Concrete operational, or middle childhood; 6 to 12
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The stage where the ability to deal with hypothetical problems and abstract thinking
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Formal operational period, or adolescence; 12 and over
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What is a scheme?
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an organized pattern of thought or action applied to persons, objects, or events in an effort to make sense of them (mental pic of world and things in it)
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What is assimilation?
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A process by which new info and ideas are incorporated or fitted into existing knowledge or schemes
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What is accommodation?
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A process of adjusting or modifying existing schemes to account for new ideas and info
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What is Vygotsky's Sociocultural Theory of Developmment?
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development is the result of interactions between cultural and historical factors; matching a child's demands with the requirements of her culture
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Who coined the term zone of proximal development (ZPD)?
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Vygotsky
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What is the zone of proximal development?
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The distance between a child's actual developmental level and the higher-level potential
ie. what the child can achieve independently compared to what it can achieve with guidance |
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Vygotsky developed three sequential stages in the evolution of speech. What are they?
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1) social speech 2) egocentric speech 3) inner speech
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What is 'social speech' in Vygotsky's evolution of speech?
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speech designed primarily to gain the attention of others or to express simple ideas and lasts until approximately three years of age.
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What is 'egocentric speech' from Vygotsky's evolution of speech?
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speech that serves to control the child's own behavior, and is usually verbalized
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What is 'inner speech' in Vygotsky's evolution of speech?
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speech that consists of self-talk, during which children rehearse what they are going to say before actually saying it
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What did Erikson's Psychosocial Theory emphasize?
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Emphasis was on growth of normal or healthy (rather than abnormal or neurotic) personality development
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