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27 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Auguste Comte
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Societies “naturally” evolve into higher stages of development, the human condition is constantly improving
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Friedrich Nietzsche
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Progress is a myth, history is cyclical
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Herbert Spencer (Evolutionism)
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All societies develop in similar ways from simple to more complex.
“backward” societies are at earlier stages of development |
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Franz Boas (Historical Particularism)
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Every society is unique and has its own logic of development
No general theory of social change is possible |
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Jared Diamond (Neo-Evolution)
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No single evolutionary path for all societies, but all societies are similarly shaped by:
Geography Technology Population |
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Agency
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the ability of individuals to change their social world
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Methodological Individualism
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All social phenomena must be explained by individual behavior/decisions
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Structure
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social arrangements with defined roles and relationships
Organizations (OSU) Social Institutions (the family) Large social configurations (the state, the class system) |
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Protestantism (Weber)
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Work as value in itself
Material success as sign of virtue Being methodical, rational is virtuous Delayed gratification |
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Karl Marx
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Political, economic rise of
Capitalist class in Europe |
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Feudalism
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Agricultural production
Peasants and nobles bound to land through inheritance Surplus appropriated and consumed by aristocracy Minimal trade, slow technological change |
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Mechanical solidarity (Emile Durkheim)
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ties based on kinship, geographic, cultural, religious similarity
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Organic solidarity
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ties based on market exchange, complex division of labor
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Enclosure Movement
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Shift from subsistence agriculture to cash crops (wool)
Peasants pushed off land Migrated to towns (wage labor) |
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George Simmel
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Money and markets as liberating, based on merit
Markets destroy old system of privilege, increase scope of individual choice Organic Solidarity GOOD |
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Karl Marx: Double Critique
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Capitalism as unstable BECAUSE it is so dynamic
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Commodification
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Capitalism as damaging to society because people are treated as things for sale
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Demography
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The study of populations
Mortality, marriage, fertility, living arrangements, health |
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Stage 1: Pre-Modern
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High Birth Rate
High Mortality |
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Stage 2: Industrializing
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High Birth Rate
Declining Mortality -Public Sanitation -Medical Technology -Increased family resources |
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Stage 3: Mature
Industrial |
Declining Birth Rate
-Children as cost, not resource (child labor laws, universal education) Declining Mortality |
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Stage 4: Post-
Industrial |
Steady Birth Rate
Steady Mortality -Many societies below replacement birth rate (Italy, Japan) |
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Breadwinner model -
dual-income model |
link between poverty and
family structure |
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Social Stratification
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The study of “who gets what and why”
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Skill-Biased Technological Change (Automation)
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decreased pay for jobs with repetitive tasks
Increased pay for non-repetitive jobs Greater demand for highly educated workers |
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Labor market de-institutionalization
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Declining Power of Unions
Shrinking real minimum wage Reduction of career ladders, internal labor markets |
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Financialization
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Concentration of rewards among owners of financial assets
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