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59 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Sociological Perspective |
Examines the social contexts in which people live and how these contexts influence people's lives |
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Society |
A group of people who share a culture and a territory |
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Social Location |
the corners in life that people occupy because of their place in society |
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External Influences |
your experiences become part of your thinking and motivation |
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Sociology |
Scientific and systematic study of human social behaviors, social groups, and societies |
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Values |
Socially shared ideals, + and - relatively |
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Norms |
how we enforce values, folkways, mores, and laws |
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Folkways |
Everyday expected behavior |
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Mores |
Expected everyday behavior with informal sanctions |
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Law |
Value system into writing with formal sanctions |
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Sociological Imagination |
The impact of society on us |
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Thomas theorem |
If you perceive it to be real it is real in its consequences |
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French revolution, Industrial Revolution |
seeking rights for human beings, cotton gin |
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Comte |
Society is in turmoil and we need smoothness; 3 phases of development: superstitious/religious stage, metaphysical, scientific; Father of Sociology; 2 parts to every institution: statics and dynamics; Scientific method should be applied to sociology |
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Harriet Martineau |
translated comte's works into english; compared US to england; Used concept of positivism; Wrote book on manners
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Spenser |
"Survival of the Fittest" Compared society to a living organism; homeostasis and equilibrium; schools not teaching things taught in the home; government should not intervene in society; 2nd founder of sociology; helping the poor is wrong "less fit" |
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Social Darwinisn |
Evolution: slow change; origin of species by Darwin; 1801 theory of evolution |
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Adaptation |
Phytogenticontinuity: simple to complex proof of evolution , Psychological recapitulation: every birth we see is the new beginning of humanity , Primoral Ooze |
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Positivism |
The application of the scientific approach to the social world |
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Karl Marx |
Believed that the roots of human misery lay in class conflict; the exploitation of workers by those who own the means of production; working overthrowing the capitalists was inevitable from his perspective; "Workers of the world unite and revolt" |
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Class Conflict |
the struggle between capitalists and workers
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Bourgeoisie |
those who own the means of production |
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Proletariat |
the exploited class who don't own means of production |
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Emile Durkheim |
Suicide rates; modern societies produce feelings of isolation, comes from division of labor; Traditional: mechanical (all the same), Modern: Organic (more complex) |
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Social integration |
the degree to which people are tied to their social groups |
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Max Weber |
Used cross cultural and historical materials to trace the causes of social change and to determine how social groups affect people's orientations to life; "capitalism grows out of religion"; "ideal types"; Verstehen: sympathetic understanding of the subjects |
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W.E.B. DuBois |
Studied relations between African Americans and Whites; Combined the role of academic sociologist with that of social reformer |
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Jane Addams |
Worked on behalf of poor immigrants; founded Hull House: a center to help immigrants in Chicago; Leader in Womens rights; "cycle of poverty" |
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C. Wright Mills |
Urged sociologists to get back to social reform; warned that the nation faced an imminent threat to freedom because of the power elite |
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Basic Sociology |
Sociological research for the purpose of making discoveries about life in human groups, not for making changes in those groups |
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Applied sociology |
the use of sociology to solve problems |
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public sociology |
applying sociology for the public good with the use of sociological perspective to guide politicians an policy makers |
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theory |
a general statement about how some parts of the world fit together and how they work |
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symbolic interactionism |
a theoretical perspective in which society is viewed as composed of symbols that people use to establish meaning, develop their views of the world and communicate with one another |
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Functional analysis |
a theoretical framework in which society is viewed as composed of various parts, each with a function that when fulfilled contributes to society's equilibrium |
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conflict theory |
a theoretical framework in which society is viewed as composed of groups that are competing for scarce resources |
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nonverbal interactions |
gestures and use of space |
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social interaction |
One person's actions influencing someone else |
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Hypothesis |
statement of how variables are expected to be related to one another |
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operational definition |
the way in which a researcher measures a variable |
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validity |
the extent to which an operational definition measures what it is intended to measure |
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survey |
the collection of data by having people answer a series of questions |
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stratified random sample |
a sample from selected subgroups |
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case study |
an intensive analysis of a single event, situation of individual |
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causation |
a change in one variable is caused by another variable |
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Economic Determinism |
Karl Marx: Economics determine everything |
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Extrinsic Contribution |
Rewards people can see; status; symbols |
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Intrinsic contribution |
communism; rewards that are not tangible |
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Social Solidary |
How tight society is, not always +, how a society views things |
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Social integration |
when a person does not feel like a part of society |
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Suicides |
Anomie: restlessness, alienation Altruistic: doing something for someone else Egotistic: focus on their self and how they interact with others Fatalistic: there is no other option |
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George Simmel |
denied professorship because he was Jewish; first person to use the term sociology; "interactionist movement" |
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Lester Ward |
First systematic sociologist; pure sociology and applied sociology |
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Talcott Parsons |
Structional Functionalistl; theoretical sociology |
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Power elite theory |
In the US less than 100 people rule the country |
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Margaret Sanger |
Social reformer, first sexual revolution, "the women rebel", abortion, hygiene, STD, birth control |
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Structural Functionalism |
systems and institutions that function together as a whole; Macro; stability, harmony, and evolution |
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Conflict Perspective |
competition is at the heart of social relationships; structured inequalities are built into relationships; change occurs through conflict; Macro |
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Symbolic interactionism |
Charles Cooley"looking glass self"; George Meade- symbols are extremely important everything about us is symbolic; dramaturgy (erwing goffman): we are attempting to make an impression on someone you are acting |
