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63 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
socialization
the lifelong social experience by which people develop their human potential and learn culture.
personality
a person's fairly consistent patterns of acting, thinking, and feeling.
John B. Watson
developed a theory called behaviorism, which held that behavior is not instinctive, but learned. Rooted human behavior in nurture rather than nature.
Harriet and Margaret Harlow
placed rheses monkeys in various conditions of social isolation
Sigmond Freud
model of the personality involving the id,superego,and ego
id
represents human being's basic drives
superego
is the cultural values and norms internalized by an individual
ego
person's conscious efforts to balance innate pleasure seeking drives with the demands of society
Jean Piaget
swiss psychologist who studied cognition and developed the theory of cognitive development
sensorimotor stage
level of human development, involving the first two years of life,in which individuals experience the world only through their senses.
preoperational stage
theblevel of human development,between 2 and 6,in which individuals first use language and other symbols.
preoperational stage
experiment with the two diffently shaped glasses in which one glass was taller and narrower than the other but with the same water amounts, in which 5 and 7 yr olds were asked which glass of water they wanted and 7 yr olds were able to think more abstactly.
concrete operational stage
the level of human development, between the ages of 7 and 11, in which individuals first see casual connections in there surroundings.
concrete operational stage
can connect the day being Wednesday to the fact that it is also his/her birthday
formal operational stage
the level of human development, at about age 12, in which individuals think abstractly and critically.
Lawrence Kohlberg
built on Piaget's theory to study moral reasoning and how people come to judge situations as right and wrong through the preconventional,conventional,and postconventional stages.
preconventional
young children who experience the world in terms of pain and pleasure, or what feels "right" or "good"
conventional
stage that appears by the teens in which young people lose their selfishness as they learn to define right and wrong in terms of what pleases parents and conforms to cultural norms.
postconventional stage
final stage in which people move beyond their societies norms to consider abstract ethical principles
Carol Gilligan
developed the theory of gender and moral development in which she claimed that boys have "justice perspective",(relying on formal rules of right and wrong), and girls have a "care and responsibility perspective", (judging a situation with an eye toward personal relationships and loyalties)
George Herbert Mead
developed the theory of social behaviorism in which he defined The Self,The Looking Glass Self, and The I and Me
Mead's central concept of self
the part of an individual's personality composed of self- awareness and self-image
Looking Glass Self
charles horton cooley's term for a self image based on how we think others see us.
significant others
people such as parents who have special importance for socialization
generalized others
refer to widespread cultural norms and values we use as a reference in evaluating ourselves
Eric H. Erickson
took a broader veiw of socialization in which he indentified challenges that individuals face from infancy to old age.
Infancy
Stage from birth to two years in which the challenge is trust (versus mistrust)
Toddlerhood
Stage up to three in which the challenge is autonomy (versus doubt and shame)
Preschool
Stage from five to six in which the challenge is initiative (versus guilt)
Preadolescence
Stage from six to thirteen in which the challenge is industriousness (versus inferiority)
Adolescence
Stage during the teen years in which the challenge is gaining identity (versus confusion)
Young Adulthood
Stage during young adulthood in which the challenge is intimacy (versus isolation)
Middle Adulthood
Stage in which the challenge is making a difference (versus self-absorption)
Old Age
Stage in which the challenge is integrity (versus despair)
peer group
a social group whose members have interests,social position
and age in common. Takes on great importance during adolescence
anticipatory socialization
learning that helps a person achieve a desired position
mass media
the means for delivering impersonal communications to a vast audience.
gerontocracy
A form of a social organizationin which the elderly have the most wealth,power, and prestige
ageism
prejudice and discrimination against older people
cohort
a category of people with something in common, usually their age
total institution
a setting in which people are isolated from the rest of society and controlled by an administrative staff.
resocialization
radically changing an inmate's personality by carefully controlling the environment
family
Usually the first setting of socialization, and has the greatest impact on attitudes and behavior. Where ideas about gender are learned first.
schools
give most children their first experience with bureacracy and impersonal evaluation
social interaction
the process by which people act and react in relation to others.
status
a social position that a person holds
status set
refers to all the statuses a person holds at a given time
achieved status
a social position a person takes on voluntarily that reflects personal ability and effort
ascribed status
a social position a person recieves at birth or takes on involuntarily later on in life
master status
a status that has special importance for social identity
role
behavior expected of someone who holds a particular status
role set
a number of roles attached to a single status
role conflict
conflict among the roles connected to two or more statuses
role strain
tension among the roles connected to a single status
social construction of reality
the process by which people creatively shape reality through social interaction
Thomas Theorem
W I Thomas's claim that situations are defined as real as thier consequences
ethnomethodology
The study of the way people make sense of their everyday surroundings
dramaturgical analysis
the study of social interaction in terms of theatrical performance
presentation of self
a person's efforts to create specific impressions in the minds of others
nonverbal communication
communication using body movements,gestures, and facial expressions rather than speech
demeanor
the way we act and carry ourselves
Harold Garfinkel
defined ethnomethodology(the study of the way people make sense of thier everyday surroundings)
Erving Goffmann
defined dramaturgical analysis