Sociology Final

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What is Sociology?

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Scientific study of human social life, groups and societies

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Sociological Imagination

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Ability to think ourselves away from our everyday actions and routines and look at them in a new way

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Who was the creator of the Sociological Imagination?

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C. Wright Mills

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Auguste Comte

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Invented word sociology, originally called social physics
science should be used to study sociology

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Emile Durkheim

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sociology must study social facts
Organic Solidarity is the mean by which society gains continuity
Society exerts social constraints over its member's actions
Division of Labor gradually replacing religion as basis of social cohesion
Anomie

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Social Facts

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Aspects of social life that shape our actions as individuals, such as the state of the economy or the influence of religion

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Organic Solidarity

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Social Cohesion brought about by the integration of a society's specialized institutions (political system, religion, family and educational system)

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Social Constraint

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limit society puts on what we can and cannot do

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anomie

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a feeling of aimlessness and despair provoked by modern social life

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Karl Marx

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Materialist Conception of History >>social change is prompted primarily by economic influences..rich vs poor provides motivation for historical development
Capitalist causes conflict b/c it is in the interest of the ruling class to exploit the working class and for the working class to overcome that

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Max Weber

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Studied Bureaucracies >> allows large organizations to run efficiently, but poses problems for effective democratic participation in modern societies.
Believed that values/ideas have same effect on social change as economic factors

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Bureaucracy

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Large organization that is divided into jobs based on specific functions and staffed by officials ranked according to a hierarchy

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Harriet Martineau

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Argued that when one studies sociology, one must focus on all its aspects including key political, religions and social institutions

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W.E.B. Du Bois

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Double Consciousness - way of talking about the identity through the lens of experiences of african americans
one's sense of self and one's identity are greatly influenced by historical experiences and social circumstances (slavery,emancipation,segregation,prejudice)

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Symbolic Interactionism

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Mead's idea that language allows us to become self conscious beings..the key element in this process is the symbol

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Functionalism

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Coined by Comte
study of how the function of a social activity contributes to the continuation of the society as a whole

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Manifest Functions

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functions known to, and intended by, the participants in a social activity

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Latent Functions

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consequences of the manifest function of which participants are unaware

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Feminist Theory

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women's experiences are central to the study of society
highlight gender relations and gender inequalities as important determinants of social life

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Rational Choice Approach

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If one variable could explain society, self-interest would be the best one

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Steps in the Research Process

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- Define the problem
- Review the literature
- Formulate a hypothesis
- select a research design
- carry out the research
- interpret your results
- Report the research findings

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Hypothesis

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Statement by the researcher about what the relationship between the variables will be

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Causal Relationship

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association in which one event or situation produces another

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Ethnographic Research

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firsthand studies of people, using participant observation or interviewing

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Surveys

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questionnaires are sent or administered directly to a selected group of people

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Family of Orientation

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the family into which a person is born

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Family of Procreation

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family into which one enters as an adult and within which a new generation of children is brought up

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Two main functions of the family according to Talcott Parsons

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Primary Socialization and Personality Stabilization

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Primary Socialization

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process by which children learn their society's normals

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Personality Stabilization

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role of the family in assisting adult family members emotionally

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"Captive Wife"

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isolation and boredom of many suburban american housewives trapped in an endless cycle of child care and housework

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Racial Literacy

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skills to help people cope with racial hierarchies and to integrate multiple ethnic identities

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Ethnicity

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refers to cultural practices and outlooks of a given community that have emerged historically and set people apart

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Race

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a classification system that assigns individuals and groups to categories that are ranked or hierarchical

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Racialization

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process by which people use understandings of race to classify individuals or groups

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Situational ethnicity

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how ethnic and racial identification is socially constructed
some multiracial people may choose either to assert or not to assert a salient aspect of their identity or heritage in particular situations, such as when applying for a job in which certain racial groups predominate

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Symbolic ethnicity

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occurs when members of an ethnic group assimilate into a larger culture..such as st patrick's day

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deviance

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modes of action that do not conform to the norms or values held by most members of a group or society