Sociology Final

Front 1

RACE

Back 1

a socially constructed category of people who share biologically transmitted traits that members of a society consider important

Front 2

People may classify one another racially based on what?

Back 2

physical characteristics such as:
skin color, facial features, hair texture and body shape

Front 3

Racial diversity is a result of what?

Back 3

living in different geographic regions; product of migration;

Front 4

Is race a sociological or biologically constructed concept

Back 4

sociologically constructed concept

Front 5

ETHNICITY

Back 5

shared cultural heritage

Front 6

People define themselves as members of an ethnic category based on what?

Back 6

common ancestors, language, and religion that give them a distinctive social identity.

Front 7

Is the meaning of ethnicity sociologically or biologically constructed

Back 7

sociologically

Front 8

Race is constructed from ________ traits and ethnicity is constructed from _______ traits.

Back 8

biological
cultural

Front 9

For many people, ______is a more complex issue than ______ because they identify with several ethnic backgrounds

Back 9

ethnicity
race

Front 10

MINORITY

Back 10

a category of people distinguished by physical or cultural traits

Front 11

What is minority based on?

Back 11

race, ethnicity, or both

Front 12

What are two important characteristics that minorities have?

Back 12

distinctive identity
subordination

Front 13

What is a distinctive identity based on?

Back 13

physical or cultural traits

Front 14

What does subordination mean?

Back 14

To be ranked at a lower level/ disadvantaged

Front 15

Race or ethnicity often serves as a what

Back 15

master status

Front 16

What often overshadows personal accomplishments

Back 16

race or ethnicity

Front 17

PREJUDICE

Back 17

a negative attitude based on faulty generalizations about minorities or an entire category of people

Front 18

Why is prejudice unfair?

Back 18

because all people in some category are described as the same, based on little or no direct evidence.

Front 19

What do our positive and negative prejudices exaggerate?

Back 19

Positive: the virtues of people like
ourselves
Negative: can be expressed as anything from mild dislike to outright hostility

Front 20

Prejudice often takes the form of what?

Back 20

a stereotype

Front 21

STEREOTYPE

Back 21

a simplified description applied to every person in some category

Front 22

SOCIAL DISTANCE

Back 22

one measure of prejudice that refers to how closely people are willing to interact with members of some category

Front 23

RACISM

Back 23

the belief that one racial category is innately superior or inferior to another

Front 24

SCAPEGOAT THEORY

Back 24

One of the theories of prejudice; a person or category of people, typically with little power, whom other people unfairly blame for their own troubles

Front 25

Who are often used as scapegoats?

Back 25

minorities

Front 26

Authoritarian Personality Theory (Theories of Prejudice)

Back 26

people who show strong prejudice toward one minority usually are intolerant of all minorities

Front 27

When dealing with the Theories of Prejudice, the authoritarian personalities see conventional cultural values and moral issues which way?

Back 27

They rigidly conform to conventional cultural values and see moral issues as clear cut matters of right and wrong

Front 28

How do people who grow up developing authoritarian personalities also view society

Back 28

as naturally competitive with "better" people dominating those who are weaker

Front 29

Why do those people who are accepting of one minority tend to be accepting of all minorities?

Back 29

those people tend to be more flexible in their moral judgements and treat all people as equals

Front 30

How do authoritarians act from childhood to adulthood according to the Authoritarian Personality Theory

Back 30

Filled with anger and anxiety as children, they grow into hostile and aggressive adults who seek out scapegoats

Front 31

CULTURAL THEORY

Back 31

one of the theories of prejudice; claims that although extreme prejudice is found in certain people, some prejudice is found in everyone.

Front 32

CONFLICT THEORY

Back 32

one of the theories of prejudice; proposes that prejudice is used as a tool by powerful people not only to justify privilege for themselves but also to oppress others

Front 33

DISCRIMINATION

Back 33

any action that involves treating various categories of people unequally

Front 34

Prejudice refers to ______; discrimination is a matter of _____

Back 34

attitudes
action

Front 35

Prejudice/Discrimination
can be either positive or negative and ranges from subtle to extreme

Back 35

Both

Front 36

INSTITUTIONAL PREJUDICE AND DISCRIMINATION

Back 36

unintended bias built into the operation of society's institutions including schools, hospitals, the police, and the workplace.

Front 37

PLURALISM

Back 37

a state in which people of all races and ethnicities are distinct but have equal social standing.

A+B+C=A+B+C

Front 38

Why is the US pluralistic to an extent?

Back 38

Because almost all categories of people have equal standing under the law.

Front 39

Why is the US not truly pluralistic?

Back 39

1. although most of us value our cultural heritage, few people who live with others of their category do so entirely by choice
2. Our tolerance for social diversity goes only so far.
3. People of various colors and cultures do not have equal social standing

Front 40

ASSIMILATION

Back 40

minorities gradually adopt patterns of the dominant culture

A+B+C=A

Front 41

Assimilation involves changing in ______ but not in ____.

Back 41

ethnicity
race

Front 42

SEGREGATION

Back 42

the physical and social separation of categories of people

A+B+C=A/B/C

Front 43

________ encourages cultural distinctiveness without disadvantage; ________ enforces separation that harms minorities

Back 43

pluralism
segregation

Front 44

GENOCIDE

Back 44

the systematic killing of one category of people by another

A+B+C=A (B&C gone)

Front 45

Melting Pot

Back 45

different nationalities blend together; but rather than melting into some new cultural pattern, most minorities have adopted the dominant culture established by the earlier settlers
A+B+C=D

Front 46

Myth: the elderly are always sick; most are in nursing homes

Back 46

Fact:Over 80 percent of the Fact: elderly are healthy enough to engage in their normal activities. Only 6 percent are confined to a nursing home

Front 47

Myth: The elderly are dangerous drivers and have a lot of wrecks

Back 47

Fact: Drivers ages 45 to 74 have only 12/100 driving accidents per year. Drivers under age 20 have 37/100 accidents per year.

Front 48

Myth: The elderly are inefficient employees

Back 48

Fact: 17% of men and 9% of women over 65 work. The elderly have lower job turnover, fewer accidents, and less absenteeism. Older workers also report higher satisfaction in their work

Front 49

Myth: The elderly are not politically active

Back 49

Fact: In 86, 88, 90, 92, 94, and 96 those over 65 and older were more likely to be registered to vote and/ or to vote than any other age group.

Front 50

Which age group is least likely to vote?

Back 50

18-21

Front 51

Myth: The elderly cannot adapt to new working conditions

Back 51

Fact: a high proportion of the elderly are flexible in accepting change in their occupations and earnings. Adaptability depends on the individual: many young are set in their way, and many older people adapt to change readily

Front 52

What is the functionalist perspective on theories of aging?

Back 52

disengagement theory

Front 53

DISENGAGEMENT THEORY

Back 53

the idea that society enhances its orderly operation by disengaging people from positions of responsibility as they reach old age

Front 54

What is the symbolic interaction perspective on theories of aging?

Back 54

activity theory

Front 55

ACTIVITY THEORY

Back 55

the idea that a high level of activity enhances personal satisfaction in old age

Front 56

What is the conflicts perspective on old age?

Back 56

Aging is problematic in contemporary capitalistic societies.
As people grow older, their power tends to diminish unless they are able to maintain wealth

Front 57

Which theory of aging is best for society?

Back 57

Disengagement theory

Front 58

Which theory of aging do the aged prefer?

Back 58

the activity theory

Front 59

A productive system based on service work and high technology refers to which economy.

Back 59

the post industrial economy

Front 60

Today about ___% of the US labor force is in service work

Back 60

72%

Front 61

Most new jobs require what?

Back 61

a college degree

Front 62

What did the class say when asked: in what labor market would you be best off?

Back 62

class said post industrial

Front 63

SOCIAL INSTITUTION

Back 63

established ways to meet human needs

Front 64

ECONOMY

Back 64

ensures the maintenance of society through the production, distribution and consumption of goods and services

Front 65

PRIMARY sector of the economy

Back 65

the extraction of raw materials and natural resources from the environment

Front 66

SECONDARY sector of the economy

Back 66

the processing of raw materials (from the primary sector) into finished goods

Front 67

TERTIARY sector of the economy

Back 67

the provision of services rather than goods

Front 68

CAPITALISM

Back 68

an economic system in which natural resources and the means of producing goods and services are privately owned

Front 69

SOCIALISM

Back 69

an economic system in which natural resources and the means of producing goods and services are collectively owned

Front 70

Capitalism emphasizes freedom ____ pursue one's self-interest whereas socialism emphasizes freedom ______ basic want

Back 70

to
from

Front 71

PRIMARY labor market

Back 71

consists of high paying jobs with good benefits that have some degree of security and the possibility of future advancement

Front 72

SECONDARY labor market

Back 72

consists of low paying jobs with fee benefits and very little job security or possibility for future advancement

Front 73

Functionalists view on the economy

Back 73

the economy is a vital institution because it is the means by which needed goods and services are produced and distributed

Front 74

Conflicts perspective on the economy

Back 74

business cycles are the result of capitalist self interest

Front 75

What one word sums up the political culture of the US

Back 75

individualism

Front 76

The Institution of Education

Back 76

It is responsible for the systematic transmission of knowledge, skills, and cultural values

Front 77

Functionalists view on the institution of education

Back 77

teach the culture

Front 78

conflicts view on the institution of education

Back 78

teach the culture plus teach critical thinking

Front 79

Conflict perspective on schools

Back 79

Public schools often maintain social inequality by perpetuating class, racial-ethnic, & gender inequalities as some groups seek to maintain their privileged position at the expense of others.

Front 80

Hidden curriculum

Back 80

Upper & middle classes taught decision making & responsibility
•Lower classes taught to obey
•Credentialism—Upper classes have the credentials
•Females discouraged from taking math and science
Lower classes are taught not to be too creative, to adapt, to fit in . . .
•“Draw my tree.”

Front 81

Medicine and Society in traditional culture

Back 81

Medicine is a social institution that identifies & curesillness

Front 82

Medicine and society in modern culture

Back 82

Medicine is a social institution that identifies & cures illness and promotes health

Front 83

Tenets of Holistic Medicine

Back 83

•You are responsible for the state of your own health.
•Health is a state of physical, mental, and social well-being, not simply the absence of disease.
•Mind and body are an interdependent unit; disease results when stress disrupts the balance of this unit.
Most disease is at least partly a result of your own behavior, and therefore within your control.
•Illness provides an opportunity to learn more about yourself.
•A physician is only a guide, not a miracle worker; it’s up to you.

Front 84

Functionalist perspective on health care

Back 84

•Focus: Sick Role
•Physician’s Role
•Criticism

Front 85

Conflicts perspective on health care

Back 85

Focus: How social inequality affects health and medicine
•Capitalistic Societies
•Criticism

Front 86

Symbolic interactionalist perspective on health care

Back 86

Focus: How social inequality affects health and medicine
•Capitalistic Societies
•Criticism

Front 87

According to the class, what is the most and least important thing in life?

Back 87

most is being financially well off
least is influencing the political field

Front 88

True or false and what percent
Most uninsured are poor unemployed minorities

Back 88

58% say false

Front 89

True false and what percent
Most uninsured children live in families whre no one works

Back 89

90% say false

Front 90

True False and what percent
Poor people receive adequate care in emergency rooms if they need health care

Back 90

72 % say true

Front 91

The phrase the purpose of education is to teach the existing culture and thats all is supported by

Back 91

functionalists

Front 92

What percents says that labeling students as poor performers turns them into poor performers

Back 92

91 say true