Sociology Exam 3

Front 1

Race

Back 1

a group of people who share a set of characteristics and are said to share a common bloodline

Front 2

Racism

Back 2

the belief that members of separate races posses different and unequal human traits

Front 3

Scientific racism

Back 3

nineteenth century theories of race that characterize a period of feverish investigation into the origins, explanations, and classifications of race

Front 4

Ethnocentrism

Back 4

the judgment of other groups by one’s own standards and values

Front 5

Ontological equality

Back 5

the notion that all people are created equally under the eyes of God

Front 6

Social Darwinism

Back 6

the application of Darwinian ideas to society, namely, the evolutionary survival of the fittest

Front 7

Eugenics

Back 7

literally meaning well born, the science of genetic lines and the inheritable traits they pass on from generation to generation

Front 8

Nativism

Back 8

movement to protect and preserve indigenous land or culture from the so called dangerous and polluting effects of new immigrants

Front 9

One drop rule

Back 9

the belief that one drop of black blood makes a person black, a concept that evolved from US laws forbidding miscegenation

Front 10

Miscegenation

Back 10

the technical term for multiracial marriage

Front 11

Racialization

Back 11

the formation of a new racial identity, in which new ideological boundaries of difference are drawn around a formerly unnoticed group of people

Front 12

Ethnicity

Back 12

one’s ethnic quality or affiliation

Front 13

Symbolic ethnicity

Back 13

a nationality, not in the sense of carrying the rights and duties of citizenship but identifying with a past or future nationality.

Front 14

Straight line assimilation

Back 14

Robert parks’ 1920 universal and linear model for how immigrants assimilate; first they arrive, then settle in, and achieve full assimilation in newly homogenous country

Front 15

Primordialism

Back 15

Clifford Geertz’s term to explain the persistence of ethnic ties because they are fixed in deeply felt or primordial ties to one’s homeland culture

Front 16

Pluralism

Back 16

the presence and engaged coexistence of numerous distinct groups in one society

Front 17

Segregation

Back 17

the legal or social practice of separating people on the basis of their race or ethnicity

Front 18

Genocide

Back 18

the mass killing of a group people

Front 19

Subaltern

Back 19

describes a subordinate, oppressed group of people

Front 20

Collective resistance

Back 20

an organized effort to change a power hierarchy on the part of a less-powerful group in a society

Front 21

Racialization

Back 21

the formation of a new racial identity, in which new ideological boundaries of difference are drawn around a formerly unnoticed group of people

Front 22

Ethnicity

Back 22

one’s ethnic quality or affiliation

Front 23

Symbolic ethnicity

Back 23

a nationality, not in the sense of carrying the rights and duties of citizenship but identifying with a past or future nationality.

Front 24

Straight line assimilation

Back 24

Robert parks’ 1920 universal and linear model for how immigrants assimilate; first they arrive, then settle in, and achieve full assimilation in newly homogenous country

Front 25

Primordialism

Back 25

Clifford Geertz’s term to explain the persistence of ethnic ties because they are fixed in deeply felt or primordial ties to one’s homeland culture

Front 26

Pluralism

Back 26

the presence and engaged coexistence of numerous distinct groups in one society

Front 27

Segregation

Back 27

the legal or social practice of separating people on the basis of their race or ethnicity

Front 28

Genocide

Back 28

the mass killing of a group people

Front 29

Subaltern

Back 29

describes a subordinate, oppressed group of people

Front 30

Collective resistance

Back 30

an organized effort to change a power hierarchy on the part of a less-powerful group in a society

Front 31

Prejudice

Back 31

negative thoughts and feelings about an ethnic or racial group

Front 32

Discrimination

Back 32

harmful or negative acts against people deemed inferior on the basis of their racial category without regard to their individual merit

Front 33

Stratification

Back 33

structured social inequality or, more specifically, systematic inequalities between groups of people that arise as intended or unintended consequences of social processes and relationships

Front 34

Social equality

Back 34

a condition whereby no differences in wealth, power, prestige, or status based on nonnatural conventions exists

Front 35

Asset

Back 35

a form of wealth that can be stored for the future

Front 36

Dialect

Back 36

a two directional relationship, one that goes both ways

Front 37

Equality of opportunity

Back 37

the idea that inequality of condition is acceptable so long as the rules of the game remain fair

Front 38

Bourgeois society

Back 38

a society of commerce in which the maximization of profit is the primary business incentive

Front 39

Equality of condition

Back 39

the idea that everyone should have an equal starting point

Front 40

Equality of outcome

Back 40

a position that argues each player must end up with the same amount regardless of the fairness of the game

Front 41

Free rider problem

Back 41

the notion that when more than one person is responsible for getting something done, the incentive is for each individual to shirk responsibility and hope others will pull the extra weight

Front 42

Estate system

Back 42

politically based system of stratification characterized by limited social mobility

Front 43

Caste system

Back 43

religion based system of stratification characterized by no social mobility

Front 44

Class system

Back 44

economically based system of stratification characterized by relative categorization and somewhat loose social mobility

Front 45

Proletariat

Back 45

the working class

Front 46

Bourgeoisie

Back 46

the capitalist class

Front 47

Contradictory class locations

Back 47

the idea that people can occupy locations in the class structure which fall between the two pure classes

Front 48

Status hierarchy system

Back 48

a system of stratification based on social prestige

Front 49

Elite mass dichotomy system

Back 49

system of stratification that has a governing elite, a few leaders who broadly hold the power of society

Front 50

Meritocracy

Back 50

a society where status and mobility are based on individual attributes, ability, and achievement

Front 51

Socioeconomic status

Back 51

individual’s position in a stratified social order

Front 52

Upper class

Back 52

a term for the economic elite

Front 53

Middle class

Back 53

a term commonly used to describe those individuals with nonmanual jobs that pay significantly more than the poverty line- through this is a highly debated and expansive category, particularly in the unites states, where broad swathes of the population consider themselves middle class

Front 54

Income

Back 54

money received by a person for work or from returns on investments

Front 55

Wealth

Back 55

a family’s or individual’s net worth

Front 56

Social mobility

Back 56

the movement between different positions within a system of social stratification in any given society

Front 57

Horizontal social mobility

Back 57

transitioning from one social group to another situated more or less on the same rung of the ladder

Front 58

Vertical social mobility

Back 58

the rise or fall of an individual from one social stratum to another

Front 59

Structured mobility

Back 59

mobility that is inevitable from changes in the economy

Front 60

Status attainment model

Back 60

approach that ranks individual by socioeconomic status, including income and education attainment, and seeks to specify the attributes characteristic of people who end up in more desirable occupations

Front 61

Perverse incentives

Back 61

reward structures that lead to suboptimal outcomes by stimulating counterproductive behavior

Front 62

Unintended consequences

Back 62

results of a policy that were not anticipated fully at the time of implementation- particularly outcomes that are counter to the intentions of the policymakers

Front 63

Recession

Back 63

a period of economic contraction lasting two or more quarters

Front 64

Culture of poverty

Back 64

the argument that poor people adopt certain practices which differ from those of middle-class, mainstream society in order to adapt and survive in difficult economic circumstances

Front 65

Underclass

Back 65

the notion, building on the culture of poverty argument, that the poor are not only different from mainstream society in their inability to take advantage of what mainstream society has to offer, but also are increasingly deviant and even dangerous to the rest of us

Front 66

Absolute poverty

Back 66

the point at which a household's income falls below the necessary level to purchase food to physically sustain its members

Front 67

Relative poverty

Back 67

a measurement of poverty based on a percentage of the median income in a given location

Front 68

Parenting stress hypothesis

Back 68

a paradigm in which the psychological aspects of poverty exacerbate household stress levels