Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
57 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Environmental degradation as a social problem:
|
- A result of how humans organize social life
- Example: stuff we only use one time, coffee cup |
|
|
The story of stuff (5):
|
- The material economy
- Extraction (abuse of natural resources) - Production (natural resources + toxic chemicals) - Distribution (low cost!) - Consumption (planned obsolescence, stuff is designed to break vs. perceived obsolescence, need to get new stuff to be cool) - Disposal (dumping) |
|
|
The story of bottled water:
|
- Bottled water is less regulated than tap water
- Manufactured demand, scare people to drink tap - Plastic is downcycled, turned into lower grade stuff |
|
|
Affluenza:
|
- A contagious social disease of wanting more stuff
|
|
|
Environmental Problems (5):
|
- Waste
- Pollution - Acid Rain - Global Warming - Declining number of living species |
|
|
How do we affect the environment?:
|
- Average person throws away about 5 pounds of disposable material per day
- Everything we do matters. Example: single use stuff |
|
|
Ecological Footprint:
|
- Measures how much nature we have, how much we use, and who uses what
- If everyone lived like Americans lived, we would need 5 earths - The world uses more than it has right now. |
|
|
The three central issues of environmental concern
Sustainability: |
- How long can we keep doing what we’re doing?
|
|
|
Environmental justice:
|
- Who gets the environmental goods and who gets the bads?
|
|
|
Rights of nature and beauty:
|
- Consider the rights of nonhumans!
|
|
|
Global warming (+3 impacts):
|
- “The greenhouse effect” – The release of CO2 due to burning of fossil fuels is the biggest cause (also: use of CFCs, land fills decomposing)
- Global warming impacts are: Ecological disruptions Change for agriculture Climate and Human Crisis |
|
|
Two ozone problems:
|
- First: The ozone hole, use of CFCs eats away the upper layer of the atmosphere
- Second: ozone down low, is the principal component of brown smog which hurts lunch tissue, therefore – too much ozone down low, not enough up high |
|
|
Particulates:
|
- Prime component of white smog, which penetrates deep into lung tissue
- Released because of poor fuel combustion |
|
|
Threats to land and water (3):
|
- Less land and potable water each year
- Pollution of fresh water from chemicals - Loss of agricultural land to development |
|
|
Environmental “goods” vs “bads”:
|
- Bads: hazardous and toxic waste, garbage
Local communities that are the least politically empowered get the worst Not only an impact on where people live but also where they work Example: Camden video - Goods: due to inequality of distribution of wealth. Can buy safer foods and the stuff that hurts the environment the most, footprint is larger |
|
|
Environmental racism:
|
- The exclusion of people of color in the decision making process
- The poor often live close to distribution of air pollution, toxic waste etc. - Example: Chester, PA |
|
|
Planned and perceived obsolescence:
|
- Planned: stuff is designed to break so you have to buy new
- Perceived: need to get new stuff to be cool, a new model is released with physical differences |
|
|
Human exemptionalism:
|
- The belief that humans are different than other species
|
|
|
Gender Stratification:
|
- The unequal distribution of wealth, power and privilege between men and women
|
|
|
Occupational Segregation:
|
- The amount of segregation in the work force
- Ranges from 0 (equal distribution) to 100 (completely segregated) - Women are disproportionally represented in dead-end jobs |
|
|
Sex vs gender:
|
- Sex: biological distinction, body parts
- Gender: personal traits and what society links to being male or female, what we present to the world |
|
|
Patriarchy and explanations (3):
|
- Males dominates females, examples: women takes the man’s last name, men make more money
- Why? Explanations: Males have greater body size Brain power Greater aggression |
|
|
3 types of sex inequality at work:
Segregation: |
- The concentration of men and women into different, and unequal jobs
- The index of occupational segregation |
|
|
Differences in promotion:
|
- Men have positions of greater authority and rank
- Even when women are in this position, they have less power - The glass ceiling: the invisible barrier preventing women from reaching big positions - The glass escalator: when men enter women’s jobs get promoted even when they don’t want to |
|
|
Differences in pay:
|
- Women earn 77% of what males earn
- Men receive higher payoff on education |
|
|
Explanations for sex inequality at work (4):
|
- Gender ideology: Separate spheres, men are superior
- Men’s efforts to preserve own advantage - Employers actions: Discrimination - Workers preference |
|
|
Reducing inequality at work (4):
|
- Hold employers accountable
- Expand hiring networks - Stereotypes needs to be revised - Domestic labor needs to be revised |
|
|
Second shift:
|
- The domestic labor done by women after they get home from work
|
|
|
Stalled revolution:
|
- While women have made strides toward equality in the workplace, men have not increased their domestic labor participation
|
|
|
Mommy tracking:
|
- Employers consciously or unconsciously place women in positions of lower pay and less responsibility
- Employers assume women wants to have kids |
|
|
Why do some support gay marriage?:
|
- Seriousness of relationship
- Access to legal rights/privileges/protection of marriage - Legal equality (vs. separate but equal – civil union) |
|
|
Civil Unions and domestic partnerships:
|
- Civil Union: Created ONLY for same-sex couples, less status than marriage, less benefits, not available in all states
- Domestic Partnership: Created for couples (homo- or heterosexual) that wants some of the benefits of legal marriage, less status than marriage, less benefits, not available in all states |
|
|
How does sexual orientation affect children?:
|
- Not at all!
- Critics argue not enough research has been done |
|
|
Gay adoption statistics:
|
- More people are pro than con about adoption!
|
|
|
Same sex marriage state statistics:
|
- 17 states
- Mostly east coast / west coast, no southern? |
|
|
Same sex marriage around the world:
|
- 16 countries
|
|
|
Why does gay marriage matter to gays and lesbians? (4)
|
- Rights, benefits and protection
- Ineligible for spousal and survivor Social Security benefits - The will - Immigration rights |
|
|
Single parent vs. Second parent adoption:
|
- Single parent: legal in every state, what happens if couple gets divorced?
- Second parent: adopting the child of his or her partner |
|
|
Homophobia:
|
- An irrational fear of homosexual people
|
|
|
Heterosexism:
|
- The assumption that heterosexuality is the normal sexual orientation
|
|
|
ENDA:
|
- Employment Non-discrimination Act
- Would provide basic protection against workplace discrimination based on sexual orientation and gender identity |
|
|
Defense of Marriage Act:
|
- Defines marriage as between one man and one woman, allows states to refuse or recognize valid civil marriages of same-sex couples
- NOW: Gay couples married in states where it’s legal must receive the same federal health, tax and other benefits |
|
|
How much crime is there?
|
- Almost everyone will be a victim of crime at some point
- 5 out of 6 will be a victim of violent crime |
|
|
Second class justice:
|
- Unfair and discriminatory treatment of people in the criminal justice system
- Represented by publicly financed attorneys are more likely to go to jail |
|
|
Family Connections while in prison:
|
- Letters (illiteracy), phone calls (high costs), visits (long travel times)
- Less likely to re-offend - Family is crucial the days after release – chance of recidivism is high |
|
|
Distribution of Crime and Victimization (4):
|
- Sex: most crime victims are men
- Race/Ethnicity: blacks are more likely to be victims - Age: most crime victims are under 25 - Social class: lower income households experience higher rates of victimization |
|
|
Life after prison (3):
|
- Substance abuse problems
- Homelessness - Joblessness |
|
|
Recidivism:
|
- Inmates who return to prison after release
|
|
|
Wrongful convictions and compensation:
|
- 1/3 of people let go after proving their innocence have not been compensated
- Despite being proven innocent, reentering society is hard - Lost time of life? |
|
|
Prison Problems/Public Defenders:
|
- Quality issue
- Overworked, underpaid, little experience |
|
|
Types of Crime (3):
|
- Crime against the person (violent)
- Crime against property - Victimless crimes (drugs) |
|
|
Prison and mental health:
|
o Over 50% in state, 45% in federal and 64% in local deal with mental issues
|
|
|
Consequences of Factory Farming:
To Animals: |
- Mutilations of animals: debeaking, cutting off tails
- Constant treatment of hormones etc |
|
|
To People:
|
- Storage and use of manure
- Eating antibiotics - Quality of meat - Working at a factory farm |
|
|
To Environment:
|
- Leaking manure lagoons, threat to nature
- Soy eaten by animals needs places to grow on |
|
|
Conditions of Factory Farming:
|
- Animals tightly confined, fights
- Mutilation - Living on metal grates |
|
|
Alternatives to Factory Farms:
|
- Hoop houses, open-ended, fabric covered houses, stand on straw
- Cheap and antibiotics aren’t needed - Meat packing plants want to work with fewer bigger clients |
