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108 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is culture?
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A society's total way of life that includes thinking, and communicating.
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Most people in your culture...
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think and communicate in ways familiar to you.
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What is enculturation?
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The process by which we learn our culture.
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Socialization is a lifetime process. How long does it take adults to learn foreign culture?
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2 years.
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What are the 7 sources of socialization?
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1. Family
2. School 3. Peers 4. Religion 5. Mass Media 6. Work place 7. Government |
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What is the primary agent of socialization?
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Family.
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Translate "Asiyefunzwa na mamaye, hufunzwa na
ulimwengu" into English. |
"One not taught by his mother gets taught by the world"
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Your peer group is essentially your network of friends. Between what ages are they the most influential?
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12-25 years old
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What is the ideal number of friends?
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4
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In the times of the Bible, what age did Jewish children have the Torah memorized? The OT?
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10; 14
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Dr. Bere's favorite show?
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Jeopardy.
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Dr. Bere's favorite games?
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Sudoku, Solitaire, and Minesweeper
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What is a scripture that shows that God expects us to work for a living?
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Genesis 2:15 - God put man in the Garden to work.
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What is a scripture that shows that God expects us to work without complaining?
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Philippians 2:14 - do everything without complaining or arguing.
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Who are the two Kenyan presidents mentioned by Bradshaw?
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?
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Who was Hastings Banda?
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1st President of Malawi.
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Two types of culture. What are they?
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Material, and Non-material.
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What are the 8 elements of culture?
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1. Beliefs
2. Values 3. Norms 4. Sanctions 5. Rituals 6. Symbols 7. Language 8. Song and Dance |
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What are belies in culture?
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Assertions held as true by a society.
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What are values in culture?
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Shared ideas of what is socially desirable.
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What are 5 key American values?
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1. Individualism
2. Material Comfort 3. Group Superiority 4. Humanitarianism 5. Democracy |
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What are norms in culture?
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Established rules for proper conduct.
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What are the 3 categories of norms?
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Folkways (Simple)
Mores (More serious) Laws (the most serious) |
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What are sanctions in culture?
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Both rewards and punishment for keeping or breaking norms.
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There are two types of sanctions (In/Formal). How are these upheld?
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Informal: Administered by anyone in society.
Formal: Upheld by direct or delegated authority. |
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What are rituals in culture?
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Customary behaviors with symbolic meaning.
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What does Bradshaw say regarding FGM?
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?
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What is FGM?
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Female Genital Mutilation.
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What car did Princess Diana die in?
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Mercedes Benz
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What car does Bere drive?
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Toyota Camry
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What are symbols in culture?
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Objects, actions, sounds, images, colors that represent something other than themselves.
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What are goods of ostentation?
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Things you get to show your wealth. (Rolex)
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What is language in culture?
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The way in which culture is transmitted from one generation to the next.
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What is verbal communication?
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Words.
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What is non-verbal communication?
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Body language.
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What are some examples of non-verbal communication?
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Distance between speakers, Looking into people's eyes, head movements
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What happens if you lose your language?
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You lose your culture too. (Language is the most vital marker of culture.)
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What does song and dance teach us?
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What is vulnerable in our culture.
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What is stratification?
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System by which society ranks people (into classes) based on their control of valued goods and services.
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What are some valued goods/services?
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Wealth, Health, Education, life expectancy (sometimes happiness)
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Top 3 wealthiest americans?
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1. Bill Gates
2. Warren Buffet 3. Larry Elson |
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What does SES stand for?
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Social Economic Statueses
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What are the 4 SES's?
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1. Upper (Elite) [$25,000+]
2. Middle [50,000+] 3. Lower [10,000+] 4. Underclass [0+] |
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State two similarities between the elites and the underclass.
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1. Both don't work
2. Have crazy sub-cultures |
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The graphic of the diamond and the triangle. (pg 192)
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The triangle was for LDC's, and the poor was biggest.
The diamond was for MDC's and the middle was the biggest. |
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Three similarities between LDC's and high-income nations?
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- Small elite class
- - |
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Three differences between LDC's and high-income nations?
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- poor class size is different
- Middle was largest in High Income - |
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What is social mobility?
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A person's movement over time from one class to another.
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What are the two types of social mobility?
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Upward and downward
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Name a bible character that moves upward and one that moves downward.
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David moves up, Matthew moves down.
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What is an open stratification system?
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A system where upward social mobility is accessible to all.
Most postions are achieved (president, prof, doctor) |
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What is a closed stratification system?
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Upward mobility is impossible. Most positions are ascribed (caste, apartheid in South Africa, american slavery)
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What are the three methods to determine people's SES?
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Subjective, Reputational, Objective
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What is the subjective method?
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Ask people to state their own social class.
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What are criticisms of the subjective method?
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- Deny classes "we are all equal"
- state their (high) aspirations - claim they belong to the middle class |
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What is the reputation method?
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Ask subjects to state other people's SES.
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What are criticisms of the reputational method?
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People see divisions in their own class but lump others as the same.
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What is the objective method?
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Social class is determined by these three variables (termed PPP)
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PPP?
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Power (power), Prestige (status), Property (class)
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What is power?
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The ability to have your will accomplished.
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What is authority?
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Legitimate power. (Gov't taxes are legal, Mafia taxes are not.)
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What is prestige?
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Honor, fame, esteem awarded those who possess attributes valued by a society.
(US: sports stars, performance idols Kenya: the elderly and educated) |
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What is the most common criteria for according people prestige?
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Occupation
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Top two ranked occupations?
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Physician, Layer
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Bottom two ranked occupations?
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Car washer, and News vendor
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What is the Davis Moore Hypothesis?
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Top positions require more investment of time, money, years in education so should have higher rewards to encourage the best people.
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What are two criticisms of the Davis Moore Hypothesis?
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Bradshaw pg. 168-169
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In France, what is a political display of prestige?
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Only nobility could wear lace.
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In England, what is a political display of prestige?
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Walk out of a room backwards to prevent sibjects from turning their backs on the king/queen.
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In America, what is a political display of prestige?
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President enters the room last to show he is not waiting on them.
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How is property measured?
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By net worth.
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How is net worth calculated?
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by subtracting the amount of all your liabilities from the total value of all your assets.
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Who has highest/lowest net worth in class?
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Cindy - 20,000
Drake - -2,000 |
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4 images of welfare.
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African American, doesn't work, a lot of kids, spends money on drugs.
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What are the 6 welfare myths? (Debunk them)
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1. Lazy (4/10 work paid jobs)
2. African Americans are poor (69% of poor are white) 3. Mom's have more kids to get bigger checks (no correlation between the two) 4. Once your on it, you never leave it. (Most have it for a short period following a crisis) 5. Use checks to buy things they don't need (adding "in-kind" doesn't affect it) 6. Program encourages people to stay on it. (when programs are cut, poverty increases.) |
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Two views on causes of poverty?
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Cultural factors, and structural factors.
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What are cultural facotrs?
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the poor are lazy and have poor work habits.
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What are structural factors (social injustice)?
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the poor lack access to good education; healthcare and employment opportunities.
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Cultural or Structural factors describe poverty better?
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Structural
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What countries view laziness as the problem for poverty?
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US, Japan
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What countries view social injustice as the cause of pverty?
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Britain, Sweden, France
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Highest percentage of people who think poverty is caused by laziness?
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US
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Highest percentage of people who think poverty is caused by social injustice?
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France
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Which two countries have the lowest percentages of people who think poverty is caused by laziness?
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France, Sweden
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Who thinks equally poverty is caused by laziness and social injustice?
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Canada
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What country has the worst record of paid maternity leave?
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US
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What is status consistency?
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When all P's match (eg. homeless has low property, power, AND prestige)
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What is status inconsistency?
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P's do NOT match (eg. Rich politician is jailed)
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Who is someone who has Prestige but no Property?
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Mother Teresa
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Who is someone that has power but no prestige?
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Mafia
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Some one who has property but no power?
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Farmers
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When did THIS country declare its inability to service its debts?
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1982; Mexico
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What is the IMF?
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International Monetary Fund
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What is a SAP?
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Structural Adjustment Program
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Does a SAP entail very severe conditions?
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Yes. They're called conditionalities
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What are the 4 conditionalities of a SAP?
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1. Liberalization
2. Currency Devaluation 3. Eliminate State Subsidies 4. Balance Government Budget |
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What does liberalization entail?
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- Lifting the import and export restrictions
- Importing cheap material from other countries - Exporting products to any country that wants it |
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What are criticisms of liberalization?
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1: Local market flooded with foreign goods
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What is currency devaluation?
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When the local current is devalued against the dollar so that exports become cheaper and imports become expensive.
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What are criticisms of currency devaluation?
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1: Travel restrictions prohibit expansion of tourism
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What is Eliminate State Subsidies?
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The government forbidden to put price controls on products, or to subsidize its producers
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CRITICISMS OF Eliminate State Subsidies?
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1: Local producers not protected so they stop growing crucial crops.
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What is Balance Government Budget?
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Government asked to balance budgets through raising taxes, Lower spending by downsizing, and Implement cost-sharing.
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Criticisms of Balancing Government Budget?
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1: Raising taxes hurts the local people
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Results of SAPs?
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-Increased poverty and misery especially among the poor.
-Reduction of jobs in the public sector forced many to become unemployed. -Increased the dependency of peripheral countries on the Core nations |
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Problem with SAPs?
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SAPs attacked the symptoms, (inability to pay) rather than the root (cause) of LDC’s poverty.
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Solution to help LDCs?
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Debt forgiveness and Fair-trade
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What is fair trade?
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a movement that aims to ensure producers from LDCs (farmers and artisans) are paid fairly for their products
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