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180 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what are the two most important elements of social interaction? |
statuses and roles |
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Give 1-2 definitions for STATUS! |
one's position within a social group, or who one is, in relation to others |
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synonym for status |
(synonym for) social identity |
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Who determine our social identity at any given point in time? |
those with whom we are interacting |
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Give 3-4 examples of statuses and their relational contexts. |
ballerina (in relation to (i.r.t.)) a ballet troupe, daughter i.r.t. parents, goalie i.r.t. hockey team, sister i.r.t. siblings |
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Are social statuses constant or variable? |
variable (We gain and lose them over time.) |
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define ASCRIBED STATUS! |
(a) social identity that is involuntarily (automatically) assumed |
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Name 3 to 12 statuses that are ascribed. |
brother-in-law, daughter, disability, ethnicity, gender*, race, religion*, royalty, senior citizen, sex*, social position*, student (in some cultures), tall. (*These can be changed within many societies.) |
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Define ACHIEVED STATUS! |
a social identity that is voluntarily assumed, that is, one can (or must) do something to get it. |
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Name 3 to 12 examples of achieved statuses. |
college graduate, criminal, friend, location (I'm from ...), occupation, Olympic athlete, physically fit, President of the USA, religion, social position, spouse, student. |
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Give 1-2 definitions for MASTER STATUS! |
the identity that is the most influential in shaping one's life, or one's most important identity |
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Can one's master status be ascribed or achieved? |
either |
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Give 1-2 definitions of ROLE! |
pattern of behavior associated with a particular status, or what you do in the status you occupy |
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What is one's position within a social group? |
status |
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What is defined as. who one is. in relation to others? |
status |
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What is a social identity that is involuntarily assumed? |
(an) ascribed status |
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What is a social identity that is voluntarily assumed, that is, one can (or must) do something to get it? |
(an) achieved status |
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What is the identity that is the most influential in shaping one's life? |
master status |
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What is one's most important identity? |
master status |
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What is the pattern of behavior associated with a particular status? |
role |
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What is what one does in the status one occupies? |
role |
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On what role might a student take? |
studying |
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On what role might a plumber take? |
fixing pipes |
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Name 3 examples of roles on which a nurse might take. |
assisting doctors, caring for sick, filling out paperwork |
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What are the 2 types of role confusion? |
role conflict and role strain |
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define ROLE CONFLICT! |
the role of one status interferes with the role of another status and causes confusion |
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What is the confusion that occurs when the role of one status interferes with the role of another status? |
role conflict |
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Name two examples of role conflict. |
a football coach versus a parent of a child on the coach's own team (Do I play my child, even if their skill is poor?) and cop versus friend (Do I give my friend a ticket?) |
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define ROLE STRAIN! |
different roles of the same status interfere with one another and cause confusion |
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What is the confusion that occurs when different roles of the same status interfere with one another? |
role strain (role Strain occurs within a Single Status.) |
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Give 3 examples of role strain. |
(1) parent with 2 kids who have conflicting schedules; (2) professor must publish and teach (deadlines may intersect); (3) stay-at-home parent must care for kids and clean house |
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define IMPRESSION MANAGEMENT! |
conveying a desired impression of one's self which may or may not be accurate |
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What is conveying a desired impression of one's self? |
impression management |
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What are 2 examples of impression management? |
first date and job interview |
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define DRAMATURGY! |
looking at social situations as though they were plays or theatrical performances |
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What is looking at social situations as though they were plays or theatrical performances? |
dramaturgy |
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define nonverbal communication |
communicating using one's body instead of spoken words |
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What is communicating with one's body instead of spoken words? |
nonverbal communication |
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Name 2 examples of nonverbal communication. |
body language and physical proximity (i.e., territoriality or personal space) |
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Socialization is a specific kind of ... |
social interaction |
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define socialization |
the process by which we learn about our culture's* values, norms, statuses, and roles (*might be plural) |
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What is the process by which we learn about our culture's* values, norms, statuses, and roles? (*might be plural) |
socialization |
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define INTERNALIZATION (in the context of socialization) (!) |
(the process of) making the values of a group part of one's own personality. (Outside the context of socialization, it simply means to make something, such a label, part of one's own personality. This is important for making sense of the definition of secondary deviance.) |
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What is the process of making the values of a group part of one's own personality? |
internalization |
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define PRIMARY SOCIALIZATION! |
the first socialization one undergoes in childhood, learning cultural values |
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Which is the first socialization one undergoes in childhood? |
primary socialization |
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Which socialization usually happens at home? |
primary socialization |
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What does one learn during primary socialization? |
cultural values |
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define SECONDARY SOCIALIZATION! |
deciding to learn something new about one's culture (which requires conscious effort) |
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What are the 2 main kinds of socialization? |
primary and secondary |
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What is deciding to learn something new about one's culture? |
secondary socialization |
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What does secondary socialization require? |
conscious effort |
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Does secondary socialization keep going, or does it stop? |
It keeps going. |
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What are the 6 agents of socialization? (!) |
family, friends, mass media, religion, schools, and workplace |
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What is the family's role with respect to socialization? |
It is the chief agent of socialization. |
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Name the 6 ways that the family socializes children. |
These persons give children statuses. They are the first social interaction. They provide emotional, financial, and physical support. They teach children values. |
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Who are the first social agents we choose? |
friends |
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define peer pressure |
to interpret cultural values the way our peers do |
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Does peer pressure have a negative or positive effect on the individual? |
It can be either. |
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What social skill does one internalize at a school, and why is this significant? |
(a) how to function in a structured environment (b) because society is structured |
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What is unique about television among the other mass media? |
It is the most important mass medium for socialization. |
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How does mass media affect socialization? |
It validates attitudes and behaviors. |
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How does religion affect socialization? |
It influences attitudes, behaviors, and values, depending on how deeply one internalizes it. |
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Describe the relationship between schools and the workplace with respect to socialization. |
The workplace is an extension of schools. |
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In what 2 ways does the workplace affect socialization? |
One spends a lot of time there and tends to internalize the traits of the job. |
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Is it natural or strange for people to live in social groups? |
natural |
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define self |
your unique being |
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What are 2 important theories of socialization? (!) |
Cooley's Looking-Glass Self and Mead's Role of the Other (AKA The Social Self) |
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According to Cooley's Looking-Glass Self, how do we respond to the way others view us? (!) |
We learn to view ourselves in the same way. |
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What is the sequence of 3 events that occurs in Cooley's Looking-Glass Self? (!) |
People judge one, one believes it, and then one behaves in those ways. |
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define significant other. |
a person who is important to us |
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What do we call a person who is important to us? |
a significant other |
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Who are the two individuals characterized in Mead's Role of the Other? (!) |
I and Me |
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According to Mead's Role of the Other, to what does the "I" respond? (!) |
individual needs |
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According to Mead's Role of the Other, to what does the "Me" respond, and why? (!) |
social demands because it is socialized |
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Give 1-2 definitions for generalized other. |
average viewpoint of society, or society's general opinion on something |
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In Mead's Role of the Other, what word represents the generalized other? (!) |
"They" |
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What are the first 5 steps in the spiral of social groups? |
one's family at birth, playmates, classmates, coworkers, starting one's own family |
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define AGGREGATE! |
people who happen to be at the same place at the same time |
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What is a group of people who happen to be at the same place at the same time? |
an aggregate |
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Give 3-4 examples of an aggregate. |
a train stop, a shopping mall, an elevator, a restaurant |
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define CATEGORY (with respect to social groups)! |
a collection of people who share common characteristics |
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Give 3-4 examples of a category (as a social group). |
concert goers, patients at an emergency room, people who wear glasses, people with blue eyes |
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What is a collection of people who share common characteristics? |
a category |
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define SOCIAL GROUP! |
2 or more people with some degree of common identity who interact in patterned ways |
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What is a group of 2 or more people with some degree of common identity who interact in patterned ways? |
a social group |
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What are the 3 conditions that must be satisfied for a collection of people to be a social group? (!) |
symbolic and physical interaction among group members, each member recognizes they are part of the group and the group recognizes each such person as being a member, and members accept responsibility for group membership |
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What is the most important condition that must be satisfied for a collection of people to be a social group? |
symbolic and physical interaction among group members |
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What are the two smallest social groups with respect to the number of group members? |
dyads and triads |
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How many persons are in a dyad? (!) |
2 |
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How many persons are in a triad? (!) |
3 |
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Which kind of social group has the most intense interactions? (!) |
dyad |
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Which kind of social group is the least stable? (!) |
dyad |
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What are 2 important characteristics of dyads? (!) |
They have the most intense interactions, and they are the least stable. |
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What is likely to happen to one as an effect of being in a social group with intense interactions? (!) |
One is more likely to be influenced by this kind of social group. |
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What are the 2 main classifications of social groups? |
primary and secondary |
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define PRIMARY SOCIAL GROUP! |
the people with whom one has close, personal relationships |
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What is a group of people with whom we have close, personal relationships? |
a primary social group |
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define SECONDARY SOCIAL GROUP! |
people with whom we have impersonal relationships |
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What is a group of people with whom we have impersonal relationships? |
a secondary social group |
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How large is the typical primary social group? (!) |
small (usually 2-6 people or families) |
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How large is the typical secondary social group? (!) |
large (usually 10 or more) |
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In what 3 ways do members interact within a primary social group? (!) |
personal, intimate, and spontaneous interactions |
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In what 2 ways do members interact within a secondary social group? (!) |
impersonal and structured interactions |
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define group cohesion (2 parts) |
what brings a group together and why people stay in it |
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What brings a group together and causes its members to stay in it? |
cohesion |
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What 2 things cause cohesion in a primary social group? (!) |
loyalty and emotional bonds |
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What 2 things cause cohesion in a secondary social group? (!) |
self-interest (the other people do not matter) and goal achievement |
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What is the duration of a primary social group? (!) |
long term |
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Regarding the duration of a secondary social group, what is it (the duration), and what is special about it? (!) |
variable, usually until goals are achieved |
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Name 2 examples of a primary social group. (!) |
family and friends |
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Name 2 examples of a secondary social group. (!) |
classmates and coworkers |
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What is likely the most important distinguishing factor between primary and secondary social groups? (!) |
cohesion |
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define group dynamics |
patterns by which group members interact |
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What is the term for the patterns by which group members interact? |
group dynamics |
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Who can be a leader of a social group? (!) |
anyone who meets the needs of the social group |
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What determines how one becomes a leader within a social group? What, surprisingly, does not? (!) |
Social factors determine this, but personality does not. |
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What 2 different kinds of leaders are usually found within a social group? |
expressive and instrumental |
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What are the 2 definitive behaviors of an instrumental leader? (!) |
emphasizing completion of tasks and keeping group members on track to achieve goals |
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What are the 3 definitive behaviors of an expressive leader? (!) |
emphasizing the well-being of the group's members, reducing tension, and maintaining harmony within the group |
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What does one commonly feel toward an instrumental leader? (!) |
respect |
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What does one commonly feel toward an expressive leader? (!) |
emotional appreciation |
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What are the 3 main leadership styles? (!) |
authoritarian, democratic, and laissez faire |
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How do authoritarian leaders behave? (!) |
They make all decisions on their own. |
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How do democratic leaders behave? (!) |
They include members in the decision making process. |
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In what 3 ways does a democratic leader change the group? (!) |
This leader promotes group unity, loyalty, and cohesion. |
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How do laissez faire leaders behave? (!) |
They let the group operate on its own. |
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In what 3 ways might a laissez faire leader change the group? (!) |
This leader might help the group members become more responsible, independent, and creative. |
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synonym for Mead's Role of the Other |
(synonym for) The Social Self |
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define group conformity |
the need we have to be like the people in our groups |
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What is the term for the need we have to be like the people in our groups? |
group conformity |
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In what social groups are group conformity particularly strong? (!) |
primary social groups |
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define GROUPTHINK! |
the decision making process where group loyalty is more important than rational thinking |
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What is the decision making process where group loyalty is more important than rational thinking? |
groupthink |
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Does groupthink occur in large or small groups? |
both |
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Give 1-2 definitions for REFERENCE GROUP! |
(1) a group by which people evaluate themselves (2) a group that sets an example that one follows because they do something, and one does the same |
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What is a group by which people evaluate themselves? |
a reference group |
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What is a group that sets an example that one follows because they do something, and one does the same? |
a reference group |
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For a social group to be a reference group, does one have to be a member of that group, or can one be a non-member? |
One can be either a member or a non-member. |
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Give 3-5 examples of reference groups. (!) |
coworkers, family that owns a business, family where a parent is in the military, family where a parent is in a police officer, and interviewers at a job interview |
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define INGROUP! |
a group with which one identifies and to which one feels loyalty |
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What is a group with which one identifies and to which one feels loyalty? |
an ingroup |
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define OUTGROUP! |
a group with which one does not identify and toward which one feels a sense of competition or opposition |
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What is a group with which one does not identify and toward which one feels a sense of competition or opposition? |
an outgroup |
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What phrase often describes the relationship between ingroups and outgroups? |
We versus They |
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Give 3-6 examples of an ingroup-outgroup relationship. |
Red Sox versus Yankees, Harvard versus Yale, Democrats versus Republicans, Dunkin' Donuts versus Starbucks, one clique versus another, economic upper class versus lower class |
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What is a common result of one being a member of both an ingroup and one of that ingroup's outgroups? |
role conflict (because the ingroup is in competition with, or is in opposition to, the outgroup) |
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What 3 positive* and 2 negative* things can being a member of an ingroup provide or induce within one's self? (*according to the card author's own ethnocentrism) |
(1) comfort, identity, and security; and (2) ethnocentrism and racism |
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define SOCIAL DEVIANCE! |
the violation of cultural norms |
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What is the violation of cultural norms? |
social deviance |
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Of what is rule-breaking a form? |
social deviance |
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Is deviation negative or positive? |
Deviation can be either. |
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What definition of deviance does sociology reject? |
intentional violation of norms (is a definition sociology REJECTS) |
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Is a deviant trying to be socially negative, neutral, or positive? |
It could be any of these. (A deviant is not necessarily *trying* to be negative, harmful, or hurtful.) |
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Is a deviant trying to be harmful, neutral, or helpful? |
It could be any of these. (A deviant is not necessarily *trying* to be negative, harmful, or hurtful.) |
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Is a deviant trying to be healing, neutral, or hurtful? |
It could be any of these. (A deviant is not necessarily *trying* to be negative, harmful, or hurtful.) |
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What is the main social attitude toward deviants? |
to judge them negatively |
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When society judges deviants, is this a moral a social judgement? |
It is strictly a social judgement. |
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Give 3 to 26 examples of deviants in the USA. |
albino people, alcoholics, cross-dressers, drug addicts, elderly persons, gangs, hippies, homeless people, homosexuals, high school dropouts, immigrant groups, in-bred people, left-handed people (around 7-8%), little people, mentally ill persons, modern goths, obese people, people who have extensive plastic surgery, people with body piercings, people with tattoos, physically disabled persons, prostitutes, religious cults, speed limit violators, teenagers, transgender people, |
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What is the relationship among biology, deviance, psychology, and society? |
Deviance is a PRODUCT of society; it goes BEYOND biology and psychology. |
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What are the 3 reasons that sociologists believe deviance is a product of society and is not explained by biology and psychology alone? (!) |
(1) Deviance exists only in relation to cultural norms. (2) People become deviant as others define them that way. (3) Deviance is related to patterns of social power. |
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Can an action be deviant in and of itself? Why or why not? |
No, because it requires cultural norms as a fundemental context for defining it as such. |
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What does deviance require to exist? |
cultural norms |
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If cultural norms are absent, can deviance exist? |
No, this cannot exist without the presence of cultural norms. |
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What are 2 supporting arguments that deviance requires cultural norms to exist? |
(1) What is deviant in one culture may not be in another, and (2) as culture changes, the definition of deviance changes. |
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Give 3 examples of norms in other cultures that would be considered deviant in the USA. |
The Maori in New Zealand often have tattooed faces; traditional Japanese accept suicide; and, in some Inuit tribes, aged fathers have the right to ask their sons to kill them (and this is a culturally accepted norm). |
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Give 3-5 examples of norms in the USA, where the deviance label has been ADDED. |
corporal punishment, drunk driving, owning slaves, smoking tobacco, and treating women as lesser than men. |
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Give 3-8 examples of norms in the USA, where the deviance label has been (or seems to be in the process of being) REMOVED. |
cannabis use, cohabitation, divorce, homosexuality, interracial marriage, premarital sex, treating women as equals, women voting. |
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Assuming social norms are in place, what other condition must be met before society can define a situation (or behavior) as deviant? |
Society must first be aware of the situation. |
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define LABELLING THEORY! |
the theory that deviance is a result of the process by which individuals are defined or labelled by others or society |
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What is the theory that deviance is a result of the process by which individuals are defined by society? |
labelling theory |
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What are the 2 stages in labelling theory? |
primary and secondary deviance |
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define PRIMARY DEVIANCE! |
an activity that is initially defined as deviant, that is, when one gets the label |
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What is the term for an activity that is initially defined as deviant? |
primary deviance |
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What is the term for the time when one is initially labelled a deviant? |
primary deviance |
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define SECONDARY DEVIANCE! |
when the label becomes internalized |
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What is the term for when the "deviant" label becomes part of one's personality and self-concept? |
secondary deviance |
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define DEVIANT CAREER! |
when one starts living one's life like a deviant |
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What might happen after one internalizes the label of "deviant" and starts to act on that label? |
One might begin a deviant career. |
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Because deviance is related to patterns of social power, what has a lot to do with determining deviant behavior, and how is the exemplified? |
(a) social inequality (b) Haves are less likely to be labelled deviant than Have-nots. |
