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34 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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People who live in a specific geographic territory, interact with one another, and share many elements of a common culture.
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society
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A process in which societies grow more complex in terms of technology, social structure, and cultural knowledge over time.
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sociocultural evolution
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A society in which people make their living by hunting, collecting wild foods, and fishing with simple technologies.
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hunting-gathering society
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A society that depends for its livelihood on domestic animals.
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pastoral society
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A society in which hand tools are used to grow domesticated crops.
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horticultural society
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A society that depends on crops raised with plows, draft animals, and intensive agricultural methods.
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agrarian society
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A society that relies on machines and advanced technology to produce and distribute food, information, goods, and services.
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industrial society
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A society where service industries and the manufacture of information and knowledge dominate the economy.
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postinductrial society
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The learned set of beliefts, values, norms, and material goods shared by group members.
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culture
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Artifacts, art, architecture, and other tangiible goods that people create and assign meanings.
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material culture
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Mental blueprints that serve as guidelines for group behavior.
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nonmaterial culture
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Anything to whilch group members assign meaning.
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symbol
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A complex system of symbols with conventional meanings that people use for communication.
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language
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Assertions about the nature of reality.
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beliefs
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Shared ideas about what is socially desirable.
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Values
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Expectations and rules for proper conduct that guide behavior of group members.
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norms
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Informal rules and expectations that guide peoples' everyday behavior.
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folkways
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Salient norms that people consider essential to the proper working of society.
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mores
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Formal rules enacted and enforced by the power of the state, which apply to members of society.
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laws
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Prohibitions against behaviors that most members of a group consider to be so repugnant they are unthinkable.
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taboos
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Penalties or rewards society uses to encourage conformity and punish deviance.
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sanctions
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Feelings of confusion and disorientation that occur when a person encounters a very different culture.
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culture shock
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The tendency to evaluate the customs of other groups according to one's own cultural standards.
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ethnocentrism
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A perspective which asks that we evaluate other cultures according to their standards, not ours.
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cultural relativism
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Groups that share many elements of mainstream culture but maintain their own distinctive customs, values, norms, and lifestyles.
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subcultures
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Groups that reject the conventional wisdom and standards of behavior of the majority and provide alternatives to mainstream culture.
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countercultures
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A movement that encourages respect and appreciation for cultural differences
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multiculturalism
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The belief that European cultures have contributed the most to human knowledge and are superior to all others.
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eurocentrism
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The perspective that emphasizes the preeminence of African and African American culture in human development
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afrocentrism
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What people should do, according to group norms and values.
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ideal culture
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What people do in everyday social interaction.
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real culture
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Inconsistencies in a cultural system, especially in the relationship between technology and nonmaterial culture.
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cultural lag
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An approach that examines the relationship between a culture and its total environment.
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cultural ecological approach
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The domination of culturel industries by elite groups.
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cultural hegemony
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