Sociology Ch1

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Sociology

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The scientific study of social behavior and human groups. It focuses on social relationships; how those relationships influence people's behavior; and how societies, the sum total of those relationships, develop and change.

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Sociological Imagination

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An awareness of the relationship between individual and the wider society, both today and in the past. This awareness allows all of us (not just sociologist to comprehend the links between our immediate, personal social settings and the remote, impersonal social world that surrounds and helps to shape us.

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Science

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Body of knowledge obtained by methods based on systematic observations. Just like other scientific disciplines, sociology involves the organized, systematic study of phenomena (in the case, human behavior) in order to enhance understanding.

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Natural Science

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Study of the physical features of nature and the ways in which they interact and change. Astronomy biology, chemistry, geology, and physics are all natural sciences.

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Social Science

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The study of the social features of humans and the ways in which they interact and change. The social sciences include sociology, arthropology, economics, history, psychology, and political science.

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Theory

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is a set of tatements that seeks to explain problems, actions, or behavior. An effective theory may have both explanatory and predictive power. That is, it can help us to see the relationships among seemingly isolated phenomena, as well as to understand how one type of change in an environment leads to other changes.

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Functionalist Perspective

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Think of society as a living organism contributes to its survival. This perspective emphasized the way in which the part of a society are structured to maintain its stability

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Manifest Functions

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Instituitions are open, stated, and conscious functions. They involve the inteded, recognition consequences of an aspect of society, such as the university's role in certifying academic competence and excellence.

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Latent Functions

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Are unconscious or unintended functions that may reflect hidden purposes of an instituition. One latent function of universities is to hold down unemployment. Another is to serve as a meeting ground for people seeking martial partners

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Dysfunction

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Refers to an element or process of a society that may actually disrupt the social system or reduce its stability

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Conflict Perspective

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Social world in continual struggle. This perspective assumes that social behavior is best understood in terms of tension between groups over power or the allocation of resources, including housing, money, access to services, and political representation.

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Feminist View

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Sees inequality in gender as central to all behavior and organization. Because it focuses on clearly one aspect of inequality, it is often allied with the conflict perspective

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Interactionist Perspective

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Generalize about everyday forms of social interaction in order to explain society as a whole.

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Dramaturgical Approach

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Created by Erving Goffman. People are seen as theatrical performers.

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Applied Sociology

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Is the use of disciple of sociology with the specific intent for yielding practical applications for human behavior and organizations.

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Clinical Sociology

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Dedicated to facilitating change by alternating social relationships (as in family therapy) or reconstructing social instituitions (as in the reorganization of a medical center).

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Basic/Pure Sociology

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Seeks a more profound knowledge of the fundamental aspects of social phenomena. This type of research is not necessarily meant to generate specific applications, although such ideas may result once finding are analyzed.

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Globalization

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Is the world wide integration of government policies, cultures, social movements, and financial markets through trade and exchange of ideas

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Social Inequality

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A condition in which members of society have differing amounts of wealth, prestige, or power

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Globalization

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Is the world wide integration of government policies, cultures, social movements, and financial markets through trade and exchange of ideas

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Social Inequality

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A condition in which members of society have differing amounts of wealth, prestige, or power

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Sociology

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The systematic study of social behavior and human groups

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Who introduced the concept of the sociological imagination?

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C. Wright. Mills

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Emile Durkeim’s research on suicide suggested that

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Suicide rates seemed to be higher in times of peace than in times of war and revolution

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Max Weber taught his students that they should employ which of the following in their intellectual work?

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Verstehen

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Robert Merton’s contributions to sociology include

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Successfully combining theory and research
Producing a theory that is one of the most frequently cited explanations of deviant behavior
An attempt to bring macro-level and micro-level analyses together

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Which sociologist made a major contribution to society through his in-depth studies of urban life, including both Black and Whites?

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W.E.B. DuBois

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In the late 19th century, before the term feminist view was even coined, he ideas behind the major theoretical approach appeared in the writings of

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Ida Wells-Barnett

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Thinking of society as a living organism in which each part of the organism contributes to its survival isa reflection of which theoretical perspective?

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Functionalist Perspective

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Karl Marx’s view of the struggle between social classes inspired contemporary

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Conflict Perspective

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Erving Goffman’s dramaturgical approach, which postulates that people present certain aspects of their personalities while obscuring other aspects, is a derivative of what major theoretical perspective?

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The Interactionist Perspective

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While the findings of sociologist may at times seem like common sense, they differ because they rest on _____ analysis of facts

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Systematic

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Within sociology, a(n) _____ is a set of statements that seeks to explain problems, actions, or behavior.

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Theory

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In _____ _____’s hierarchy of the science, sociology was the “queen,” and its practitioners were “scientist-priests.”

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Auguste Comte

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In Society in America, Originally published in 1837, English scholar _____ examined religion, politics, child rearing, and immigration in the young youth.

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Harriet Matineau

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_____ adapted Charles Darwin’s evolutionary view of “survival of the fittest” by arguing that it is “natural” that some people are rich while others are poor.

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Herbert Spencer

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Sociologist Max Weber coined the term _____ _____ in referring to construct or model that serves as a measuring rod against which actual cases can be evaluated

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Ideal type

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In The Communist Manifesto, _____ _____ and _____ _____ argued that the masses of people who have no resources other than their labor (the proletariat) should unite to fight for the overthrow of capitalist societies.

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Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels

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_____ _____, an early female sociologist, cofounded the famous Chicago settlement house Hull House and also tried to establish a juvenile court system.

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Jane Addams

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The university’s role in certify academic competence and excellence is an example of a(n) _____ function.

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manifest

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The _____ _____ draws on the work of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels in that it often views women’s subordination as inherent in capitalist societies.

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Feminist view