Sociology Ch 7

Front 1

deviance

Back 1

the recognized violation of cultural norms

Front 2

crime

Back 2

the violation of a society's formally enacted criminal law

Hint 2

category of deviance

Front 3

social control

Back 3

attempts by society to regulate people's thoughts and behaviors

Front 4

criminal justice system

Back 4

the orgs that respond to alleged violations of the law

Hint 4

police, courts, prison officials

Front 5

containment theory

Back 5

attribute staying out of trouble to personality that controls deviant impluses

Front 6

3 social foundations of deviance

Back 6

1. deviance varies according to cultural norms
2. people become deviant as others define them that way
3. both norms and the way people define rule breaking involve social power

Front 7

4 functions of deviance

Back 7

1. deviance affirms cultural values and norms
2. respomding to deviance clarifies moral boundaries
3. responding to deviance brings people together
4. deviance encourages social change

Front 8

conformity

Back 8

pursue cultural goals thru approved means

Front 9

innovation

Back 9

using unconventional means to achieve culturally approved goals

Front 10

ritualism

Back 10

ppl believe cant achieve cultural goal but stick to rules anyway to feel at least respectable

Front 11

retreatism

Back 11

reject both cultural goals and means; drop out

Hint 11

alcoholics, addicts

Front 12

rebellion

Back 12

reject both cultural goals and means and form counterculture to support alternative to existing social order

Front 13

relative opportunity structure

Back 13

crime results from limited legal opportunities and reagily available illegal opportunities

Front 14

criminal subculture

Back 14

develop where structure favors criminal activity

Hint 14

street gangs

Front 15

conflict subcultures

Back 15

street gangs that engage in violence

Front 16

retreatist subcultures

Back 16

devuants drop out and abuse alcohol and drugs

Front 17

labeling theory

Back 17

odea that deviance and conformity result not from what people do BUT how others RESPOND to those actions

Front 18

primary deviance

Back 18

passing episodes of deviance; little effect on self concept

Hint 18

ex. skipping class

Front 19

secondary deviance

Back 19

individual changes and takes on deviant identity by talking, acting, or dressing in a different way; reject people who are critical; repeatedly break rules

Hint 19

wjen used deviance as means of defense, attack, or adjustment to problems created in a social interaction

Front 20

deviant career

Back 20

secondary deviance marks start; develop deeper commitment to deviant behavior

Front 21

stigma

Back 21

a powerfully negative label tjat generally changes a person's self concept and social identity

Hint 21

operates as master status

Front 22

degradation ceremony

Back 22

entire community stigmatizes person in a public way

Front 23

retrospective labeling

Back 23

reinterpretation of a person's past in light of some present deviance

Hint 23

selecr facts that reinforce and deepen deviant identity

Front 24

projective labeling

Back 24

use deviant odentity to predict a person's future actions

Front 25

medicalization of deviance

Back 25

transformation of moral and legal deviance into a medical condition

Hint 25

ex. alcoholic "sick" instead of "bad"

Front 26

3 consequences of labeling

Back 26

1. affects who responds to deviance
2. affects how people respond
3. affects competence of deviant person

moral vs. medical

Front 27

differential association

Back 27

person's tendency toward conformity or deviance depends on amount of contact with others who encourage or reject conventional behavior

Hint 27

ex. young delinquent if think peers encourage activity

Front 28

control theory

Back 28

depends on people's anticipating consequences of their behavior

Hint 28

depends on how much have to lose

Front 29

4 types of social control

Back 29

attachment
commitment
involvement
belief

Front 30

deviance and power

Back 30

1. all norms reflect interests of rich and powerful
2. if powerful person's behavior questioned, have resources to resist deviant labels
3. widespread belief norms and laws are just and good hide their political character

Front 31

deviance and capitalism

Back 31

1. deviance based on private control of property
2. capitalism depends on productive labor
3. operation of capitalist system depends on respect for authority
4. anyone who challenges capitalist status quo is deviant

Front 32

white-collar crime

Back 32

crime committed by people of high aocial position in the course of their occupations
uaually escape punishment

Hint 32

doesn't include violence
ex. bank embezzlement

Front 33

civil law

Back 33

regulate business dealings btwn private parties

Hint 33

white-collar crimes

Front 34

criminal law

Back 34

defines a person's moral responsibilities to society

Front 35

corporate crime

Back 35

illegal actions of a corporation or people acting on its behalf

Front 36

organized crime

Back 36

business supplying illegal goods and services to willing buyers

Hint 36

ex. sex, drugs, gambling

Front 37

hate crime

Back 37

criminal act against a person or persons property by an offender motivated by a racial or other bias

Front 38

crime

Back 38

violation of criminal law enacted by a local, state, or fed gov

Front 39

2 elements of all crime

Back 39

1. act itself
2. criminal intent

Front 40

negligent

Back 40

someone who didn't set out to hurt anyone but acts (or fails to act) that causes harm

Front 41

crime in the US

Back 41

publication where FBI reports information on criminal offenses

Front 42

crime against the person (violent crime)

Back 42

crimes that direct violence or the threat og violence against others

Front 43

crimes against property (property crimes)

Back 43

crimes that involve theft of money or property belonging to others

Front 44

victimless crimes

Back 44

violations of the law in which there are no obvious victims

Hint 44

crimes without complaint
ex. illegal drug use, prostitution

Front 45

victimization surveys

Back 45

researchers ask sample of people about experience with crime

Front 46

reason for more black arrests

Back 46

1. race linked to social class
2. more black kids born to single moms.. less supervision
3. prejudice prompt white police to arrest blacks
4. crime index doesnt include drunk driving or white-collar crime

Front 47

criminal justice system

Back 47

society's formal response to crime

Hint 47

key elements: police, courts, and system of punishment and correction

Front 48

due process

Back 48

criminal justice system must operate accordimg to law;
anyone charged must get:
1. fair notice of proceedings
2. a hearing on charges conducted according to law and ability to present defense
3. a judge or jury that weighs evidence impartially

Hint 48

limits pwr of gov

Front 49

police

Back 49

point of contact btwn population and criminal justice system; maintain order

Front 50

plea bargaining

Back 50

legal negotiation in which prosecutor reduces a charge in exchange for a defendant's guilty plea

Hint 50

spares system time and money but undercuts adversarial process and rights of defendant

Front 51

retribution

Back 51

act of moral vengeance by which society makes the offender suffer as much as the suffering caused by the crime

Hint 51

eye for an eye

Front 52

deterrence

Back 52

attempt to discourage criminality thru use of punishment

Hint 52

punish outweigh pleasure of crime

Front 53

specific deterrence

Back 53

convince individual offender that crime doesnt pay

Front 54

general deterrence

Back 54

punishing one person serves as an example to others

Front 55

rehabilitation

Back 55

program for reforming the offender to prevent further offenses

Hint 55

control environment

Front 56

reformatories (houses of correction)

Back 56

provide controlled setting where people can learn proper behavior

Hint 56

learn to obey rules

Front 57

societal protection

Back 57

rendering an offender incapable of further offenses temporarily thru imprisonment or permanently thru execution

Front 58

death penalty

Back 58

less likely to be used bc
1. crime down so less to fear
2. applied b unjustly
3. van sentence to life w/o parole
4. costly to prosecute ( exceed cost of in prison for life)

Front 59

community-based corrections

Back 59

correctional progras operating within society at large rather than behind prison walls

Front 60

3 adv to community-based corrections

Back 60

1. reduce costs
2. reduce overcrowding in prisons
3. allow supervision while eliminate hardship of prison life and stigma of going to jail

Front 61

probation

Back 61

policy of permitting a convicted offender to remain in the community under conditions imposed by a court

Hint 61

judge decide what is appropriate

Front 62

shock probation

Back 62

policy by which a judge orders a convicted offender to prison for a short time and then suspends the remainder of the senrence in favor of probation

Front 63

parole

Back 63

policy of releasing inmates fron prison to serve the remainder of their sentences in the local community under supervision of parole officer

Front 64

crime rates fall bc

Back 64

1. reduction of youth pop
2. changes in policing
3. more prisoners
4. better econ
5. declining drug trade

Front 65

3% of criminal cases resolved in courts

Back 65

true

Front 66

deviance

Back 66

behavior that does not conform to social expectations

Hint 66

social construction; violates rules of a group

Front 67

2 main approaches/perspectives to deviance

Back 67

1. individualistic approach- focus on individual's genetic make up
2. sociological approach- focus on factors outside of the individual

Front 68

all change start with...

Back 68

deviant thought

Front 69

deviance (4 purposes)

Back 69

1. affirms cultural values and norms
2. clarifies moral boundaries
3. promotes social unity
4. promotes social change

Front 70

Merton strain theory

Back 70

conformity
innovations
ritualism
retreatism
rebellion

Front 71

conflict theorists

Back 71

sees existing social structure and social norms as primary source of social problems; want to restructure social structure

Front 72

ppl with pwr define what is deviant

Back 72

true