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32 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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the scientific study of the size, composition, distribution, and changes in human population
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demography
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the extent of reproduction in a society
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fertility
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the number of live births per year for every 1000 people in a specific population
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crude birthrate
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the number of deaths per year for every 1000 people in a specific population
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crude death rate
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population movement across political boundaries
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migration
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the number of emigrants (people leaving a country) subtracted from the number of immigrants (people entering it) per 1000 population
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migration rate
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the numbers and types of people, calssified by characteristics such as age, sex, race, and ethnicity
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composition of a population
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how a population is dispersed geographically (e.g., the number of people per square mile)
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population density
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the number of males per 100 females
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sex ratio
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the difference between the numbers of people added to and subtracted from a particular population
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growth rate
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the number of years it takes for a population to double in size
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doubling time
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an organization dedicated to reaching the population replacement level of approximately 2 children per family
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zero population growth (zpg)
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population growth develops through 3 distinct stages: 1. high birth and death rates, 2. high birthrates and low death rates, and 3. low birth and death rates
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demographic transition theory
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the age cohort in the US comprising those born roughy between 1945 and 1964
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baby boomers
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the movement of masses of people from rural to urban areas and an increase in urban influence over all spheres of culture and society
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urbanization
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a city, or a city and its surrounding suburbs, with a population of 50,000 or more
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metropolitan statistical areas (msa's)
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the largest msa's (those containing over a million people)
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consolidated metropolitan statistical areas (cmsa's)
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a major urban area that includes a large central city surrounded by several smaller incorporated cities and suburbs that join to form one large recognizable municipality
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metropolis
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2 or more major metropolitan areas linked politically, economically, socially, and geographically
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megalopolis
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residential areas surrounding cities, which expand urban lifestyles into previously rural areas
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suburbs
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a subdivision of sociology that identifies, studies, and explains the specific traits of urban social phenomena
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urban sociology
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a community characterized by a relatively small population, a simple division of labor, face to face interaction, and informal social control
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gemeinschaft
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a society made up of a large population characterized by loose associations, a complex division of labor, secondary relationships, and formal social control
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gesellschaft
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characterized by tradition, unity, consensus of norms and values, and strong informal pressure to conform
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mechanical solidarity
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characterized by a highly sophisticated division of labor that makes individuals interdependent with one another
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organic solidarity
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socieities that emphasize tradition, consensus, and primary relationships
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folk societies
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societies based on change, diversity, and secondary relationships
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urban societies
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a subfield of sociology that focuses on recurring spatial, social, and cultural patterns within a particular social environment
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human ecology
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a community of organisms sharing the same physical environment
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ecosystem
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a way of life in which the city affects how people feel, think, and interact
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urbanism
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a theoretical model for analyzing the interdependence between humen beings and the physical environment
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ecological perspective
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an increase in the earth's overall average temperature due to a greenhouse effect produced by increased exposure to uv light
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global warming
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