Sociology

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applied sociology

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the use of sociology to solve problems

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relativism

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the meaning and value of human beliefs and behaviors have no absolute reference

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more

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norms taken extremely seriously such as a person who steals, rapes, or kills

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countercultures

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a group whose values, beliefs and related behaviors place its members in opposition to the broader culture

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achieved status

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voluntary earnings or accomplishments to determine position

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status inconsistency

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ranking high on some dimensions of social class and low on others

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feminist conflict theory

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feminists stress that men and women should have equal rights

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protestant ethic

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self-denying way of life that saves money and investing in the surplus to make more

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Cooley

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looking glass self: 1. We imagine how we appear to those around us. 2. We interpret others reactions 3. We develop a self-concept

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Paul Ekman

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dtermined that there are six basic emotions: anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, and surprise

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latent functions

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unintended beneficial consequences of peoples actions

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nonmaterial culture

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a groups way of thinking (including its beliefs, values, and other assumptions about the world and doing behavior, including language and other forms of interaction

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material culture

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the material objects that distinguish a group of people, such as their art, buildings, weapons, utensils, machines, hairstyles, clothing and jewlery

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ethnocentrism

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the use of ones own culture as a yardstick for juding the ways of other inviduals or societies

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folkway

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norms that are not strictly enforced

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subculture

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the values and related behaviors of a group that distinguish its members from the larger culture; a world within a world

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ogburn

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states that material culture usually changes first, then nonmaterial culture lagging playing a game of catch up

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sapir-whorf hypothesis

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hypothesis that language creates ways of thinking and perceiving

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geselleshaft

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a type of society that is dominated by impersonal relationships, individual accomplishments, and self-interest

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hypothesis

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a statement of how variables are expected to be related to one another, often according to predictions from a theory

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validity

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the extent to which an operational definition measures what is intended to measure

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qualititive research

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research in which the emphasis is placed on observing, describing, and interpreting peoples behaviors

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sample

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the individuals intended to represent the population to be studied

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scully and Morolla

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interviewed prisoners

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Hawthorne Effect

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the change in behavior when people know they are being studied

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Humphreys

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did studys on tea rooms where men had sex while having normal lives

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secondary groups

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large, anonymous, formal and impersonal

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reference group

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the groups we use as standards to evaluate ourselves

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primary group

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a group characterized by intimate, long term, face to face association

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coalition

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the alignment of some members of a group against others

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dyad

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the smallest possible group, consisting of two persons

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group dynamics

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the ways in which individuals affect groups and the ways in which groups influence individuals

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Simmel

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noted the significance of group size

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democratic leader

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a leader who leads by trying to reach a consensus

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instrumental leader

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an individual who tries to keep the group moving toward its goals

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asch experiment

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determined how influential groups are in our lives

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milgram experiment

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experiment to find out at what point people refuse to participate

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stigma

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"blemishes" that discredit a person's claim to a "normal" identity

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Goffman

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used stigma to refer to characteristics

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control theory

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the idea that two control systems-inner controls and outer controls- work against our tendencies to deviate

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durkheim

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showed how tied people are to society

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strain theory

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Robert Merton's term for the strain engendered when a society socializes large numbers of people to desire a cultural goal

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slaves

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a form of social stratification in which some people own other people

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false consciousness

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Karl Marx's term to refer to workers identifying with the interests of capitalists

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proletariat

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Marx's term for the exploited class, the mass of workers who do not own the means of production

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Tumin

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how do we know that positions with the highest rewards are most imp

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world system theory

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economic and political connections that tie the worlds countries together

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caste system

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a form of social stratification in which ones status is determined by birtha and is lifelong

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C. Wright Mills

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criticized for insisting that power was concentrated in the hands of a few

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white collar crime

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crimes commited by people of respectable and high social status in the course of their occupations

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fuller and schoenburger

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studied womens salaries and the 11 percent decrease of salary from men

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glass escalator

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the mostly invisible accelerators that push men into higher-level positions more desirable work assignments and higher salaries

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glass ceiling

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the mostly invisible barrier that keeps women from advancing to the top levels at work

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boomerang children

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dependent children

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Russel

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reports of men raping their wives