Sociology 1010 Ch. 1

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Sociological Perspective

Back 1

stresses social contexts in which people live; how groups/society influence people

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social location

Back 2

group memberships that ppl have because of their location in history and society

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Positivism

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application of scientific approach to the social world; Auguste Comte (armchair researcher aiming at changing world) - founder of sociology

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Herbert Spencer

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survival of the fittest

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Karl Marx

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believed that conflict is causes by class division: workers and owners. Workers will eventually rise up

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Class conflict

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Marx's term for the struggle between capitalists and workers

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bourgeoisie

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capitalists; those who own means for production (Marx)

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proletariat

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exploited class; workers

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Emile Durkheim

Back 9

sociology as separate academic field; behavior can't be looked at only individually - society affects it

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social integration

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(Durkheim) the degree to which people are tied to their social groups

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Max Weber

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contemporary of Durkheim; Calvinists started capitalism cause they saw wealth as a sign of heavenly favor. They invested $$

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Protestant ethic

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be frugal so you can have more $

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spirit of capitalism

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invest to make

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W. E. B. Du Bois

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blacks and whites; sociology+social reform

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Jane Addams

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sociology+social reform; nobel prize; poor immigrants

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Talcott Parsons

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social theory

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C. Wright Mills

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Social activism!

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Basic (pure) sociology

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research with no application/change

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Applied sociology

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applied

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public sociology

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research and applied (mostly in policy)

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theory

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general statement about how some parts of the world fit together and how they work; an explanation about how two or more facts are related

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symbolic interactionism

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theoretical perspective in which society is viewed as composed of symbols that people use to establish meaning, develop their views of the world, and communicate with each other. (George Herbert Mead)

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functional analysis

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a theoretical framework in which society is viewed as composed of various parts, each with a function that, when fulfilled, contributes to society's equilibrium; also known as functionalism and structural functionism

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macro

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large-scale

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micro

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small-scale

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non-verbal interaction

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ya

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Research model

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1. select topic

2. define problem

3. review literature

4. formulate hypothesis

5. choose research method

6. collect data

7. analyze results

8. share results

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operational definition

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the way in which a researcher measures a variable

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validity

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the extent to which an operational definition measures what it is intended to measure

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reliability

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ya

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variable

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y

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Research methods

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- surveys

- participant observation

- case studies

- secondary analysis

- analysis of documents

- experiments

- unobtrusive measures

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stratified random sample

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a sample from selected subgroups of the target population in which everyone in those subgroups has an equal chance at being included in rsrch

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random sample

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a sample in which everyone in a target population has equal chance of being selected

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secondary analysis

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analyze someone else's results

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________________ opens a window onto unfamiliar worlds and offers a fresh look at familiar worlds:

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The Sociological Perspective

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Which of the following refers to a group of people who share a culture and a territory?

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society

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Who claimed that the sociological imagination enables us to grasp the connection between history and biography?

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C. Wright Mills

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____________ requires the development of theories that can be tested by research.

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Science

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Which of these uses objective, systematic observations to test theories?

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the scientific method

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Who first proposed the concept of positivism?

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Auguste Comte

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Karl Marx believed that the engine of human history is:

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Class Conflict

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The sociologist who studied social life in both the United States and Great Britain and documented the results in the book Society in America was:

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Harriet Martineau.

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The social reformer who founded Hull House and later won a Nobel Prize was:

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Jane Addams

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The first African American to earn a doctorate degree at Harvard University was:

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W. E. B. Du Bois

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The term C. Wright Mills used for the top leaders of business, politics, and the military who, together, comprised an intimate threat to freedoms was:

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the Power Elite.

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The use of sociology to solve problems is referred to as:

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applied sociology.

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A _________ is a general statement about how some parts of the world fit together and how they work.

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theory

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The underlying principle of symbolic interactionism is:

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how one's behavior depends on the way one defines oneself and others.

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When people change their ideas and behavior about an issue, such as divorce, based on a changing image of that issue and what it means, it is example of:

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symbolic interactionism.

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The sociological perspective sees society as a whole unit, made up of interrelated parts that work together is:

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Functional Analysis

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An intended outcome or consequence that helps keep society in equilibrium is referred to as:

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manifest

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What theory was developed by Karl Marx to explain the relationship between the social classes?

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Conflict theory

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According to Karl Marx, in each society some small group controls _______________ and exploits those who are not in control.

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the means of production

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A statement of what a researcher may expect to find according to predictions based on a theory is a/an:

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hypothesis

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_____________ means that if other researchers use your operational definitions, their findings will be consistent with yours.

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Reliability

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If you were to analyze data that someone else has already collected, you would be doing:

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secondary analysis.

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A variable that causes a change in another variable is referred to as:

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independent variable

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Ethics in sociological research:

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forbids the falsification of results. condemns plagiarism. requires that sociologists protect the anonymity of people who provide information.

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Max Weber's insistence that sociology be value free, focuses on:

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objectivity in research.