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114 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what are some factors that increase attraction?
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-secret relationships
-proximity -similarity -familiarity -physiological arousal -physical attraction |
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How do secret relationships increase attraction?
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-footsie study (four people, two people played footsie, people who kept their footiesing secret rated their partner more attractive than if it was not secretly done)
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How does proximity increase attraction?
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-separated couples more likely to divorce
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How does similarity increase attraction?
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Coke Date study (couple took personality test, then couples sat and talked, people who rated each other higher were more similar to each other )
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How does familiarity increase attraction?
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-Mere exposure of faces
-If you see it more, you are more likely to like it more |
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how does physiological arousal increase attraction?
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-Rope Bridge study (hot girl in middle of bridge was perceived hotter than hot girl at end of bridge)
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how does physical attraction increase attraction?
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-"What is beautiful is good"
-Love across cultures study (Physical attraction trumps everything else) -Beauty rubs off on men, but not women (guy with hot women, ratings increase... women with hot guy, ratings stay the same) |
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what was the computer dating study
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-physical attraction increases attraction
-everyone was questioned -then told to go with their "match" -only predictor that they would meet up again was based on physical attractiveness, not personality |
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Example of self-fulfilling prophecy w/ attraction
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-phone conversation between man and women
-men is given photo of who they think they are talking to -Outside judges rated how warm the conversation was -everyone rated the hotter picture condo to be warmer -men had expectations, women acted differently because of expectation |
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what is the halo effects for beauty?
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-if you are physically attractive you benefit in every single category
-HOWEVER, beautiful people are not seen as perfect -they are seen as vain and having little concern for others |
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How is the relationship between debate allies?
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-debate allies are more attractive
-rate people who are on your team more attractive than if those same people ended up being on the opposite team |
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what is the bar study?
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-relationship that realism is beautiful
-people are inclined to talk to people that in same attractive category as themselves -people know there are limits in what they achieve in a relationship with others |
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what is the matching hypothesis of relationships?
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-romantic partners tend to pair off on the basis of being similar in physical attractiveness
-200 married couples, couples who had different attractiveness levels where higher in divorces, similar people had lower divorce rates |
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what is the Equity theory?
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-makes for good relationships
-is it that people prefer fairness -what you put in is equal to what you get out) -partners are happy when equity exists |
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what is comparison level of alternatives
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-social comparison and jealousy
-always comparing what they have to what else is out there -people don't get jealous if other people are interested in there romantic partner, UNLESS they feel like there romantic partner is the best thing ever and they could never find anyone else in the world like them |
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what is inclusive fitness?
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-evolutionary theory that we try to pass on our genes of those of similar others (our kin)
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what is parental investment?
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-evolutionary theory saying those who invest more as parents (aka women) are more selective in mating
-women face different evolutionary adaptation problems (need mate with resources) than men (need younger, healthy mate) |
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Factors of evolutionary theory support
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-men care more about cues to fertility and this holds across many cultures since 1600s
-women prefer stronger men, presumable who are better at getting resources -women demand more commitment for sex than men -high status men especially likely to seek younger women -high status women still seek higher status men -especially men like physical symmerty |
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what are ideas in the social roles theory?
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-social structure affects division of labor, and gender roles maximizes utilities given these roles
-men's physical strength and women's reproductive ability anchor social roles -women need a mate with resources because social roles advantage men to earn wages -because men have more resources, they can be persuade younger women to take domestic roles |
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Factors of social roles theory evidence
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-emphasis on a man's income and a women's domesticity is lower when societies allow women to participate in economic political and decision making roles and provide women with better health and education
-facial attractiveness is unrelated to the number of children or life span -difficulty in explaining why homosexuality would be retained genetically |
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What happens in early romantic interest?
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-dopamine increases in the ventral tegmental area (reward center)
-Increases attention, goal-directed behavior, exhilaration -most major addictions feature increased dopamine -increase production of testosterone (sex hormone) |
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what happens to people "in love"
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-reductions in serotonin (a channel that regulates thinking and goals)
-might promote obsessive thinking about a new love |
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what part of the brain is involved with lust and love?
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lust- "back brain" (immediate focus)
love- "fore brain" (abstract) |
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what happens as testosterone levels increase?
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-more sexual activity
-men have it more, want it more, and have more extra-partner affairs -middle age men have testosterone drop -women's testosterone levels spike during ovulation, and women seek out high testosterone men at peak fertility |
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what is oxytocin?
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-hormone that produces intense happiness
-produced in the phythalamus and sex glands during genital stimulation and orgasm -"cuddle chemical" enhanced attachment -drives down testosterone levels, good for mate retention but bad for continued sexual activity |
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Factors about the 2D:4D Rations and Testosterone
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-lower 2D:4D ratios reflect more fetal testosterone exposure
-men have shorter pointer finger than women -greater sperm counts -greater prevalence of autism, ADHA, Asperger's Syndrome -more likely to be lesbian -greater aggressiveness and assertiveness -lower exam scores -greater leadership but poorer sensation perception |
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what happens to those with greater loneliness?
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-dont have fewer social interactions, but experience poorer quality social interactions
-reveal poorer health outcomes |
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what are some health outcomes of lonely people?
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-less healthy sympathetic heart activity
-more stress hormones in blood stream -more disruptive sleep patterns -greater mortality and reduced resiliency in old age with effects both physical (hypertension) and psychological (depression, hostility) |
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what is a secure attachment style?
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-happy, comfortable with intimacy and autonomy
-tend to have happier long lasting relationships -low avoidance and positive self |
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what is a dismissing attachment style?
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-dismissing of intimacy, strongly independent
-low anxiety, high avoidance |
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what is a preoccupied attachment style?
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-less happy, preoccupied with relationships
-positive partner, negative self |
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what is a fearful attachment style?
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-less happy, fearful of intimacy, socially awkward
-high anxiety, negative partner |
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what is the sociobiological perspective on helping others?
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Adaptive evolutionarily
-we are especially likely to help our kin) |
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what is the social exchange theory about helping others?
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-people are motivated to maximize rewards and minimize costs
-never based on altruism (helping without any self-benefit) -There has to be something in it for us -We want to feel good about ourselves -We believe others will like us |
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Spending on others makes us....
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HAPPIER than spending on ourselves
-hold true across cultures -STUDY: people were able to spend money on themselves and spend money on someone else. the follow-up showed that people where happier when they spend the money on other people |
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what is the empathy-altruisn hypothesis?
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-if we feel empathy (imagine the feelings and events that others experience), we will act altruistically
-using wheelchairs on campus- once people gain another perspective, they become much more concerned and aware |
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what was the shocking Elaine study
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-like Milgram study
-Elaine gets shocks and experimenter asked if you want to switch places with Elaine -2 Trials left (easy) - 91% high sim, 18% low sim -10 trials left (hard) - 88% high sim, 64% low sim |
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what were the results of the Elderly perspective study?
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-if you can mentally put yourself in their shoes, your ability to feel empathy goes up
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what is Informational social influence?
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if you hold the door open for someone, that person will be more likely to hold the door for the next person
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what is normative social influence?
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-United way appeals
-with universities, the envelope with all the donations goes back to the dean of the college first instead of to United Way |
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what is norms of reciprocity?
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-loaning notes, helping each other out
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what is social responsibility?
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-like helping families
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What happened in the Husband assault study?
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-norm of privacy reduced helping
-staged a husband pushing wife -"why did you do that, I dont know you" 60% helped -"why did you do that, why did I marry you?" 19% helped |
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what does the charity study show?
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-that having helpful models make helping people more likely to occur
-Kids played game and got tokens -Could give their tokens to chairty or get prizes -kids who watched adults give tokens to charity also followed that model |
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what is the bystander effect?
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-that you are more likely to help people when there are fewer people around
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what does the Pay phone study show?
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-that good moods making helping people more likely to occur
-people who found a dime in the pay phone where in a better mood and helped confederate when they dropped folders everywhere -helps us look at the bright side of life and increases self-attention |
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what is the negative-state relief hypothesis?
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-when someone choses to help others because they want to get out of there bad mood
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how does similarity to victim correlate with helping people?
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-we will help people who are more similar to us compared to people who we have nothing in common with
-Hippie study -Same political party study |
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how does gender effect our helpfulness to others?
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-men are more chivalrous, and women are more nurturing
-men help women more, women help everyone |
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what is aggression
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-intentional harm to others
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what is instrumental aggression?
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-aggression is used to obtain a goal, rather than to inflict pain
-football game |
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what is hostile aggression?
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stems from feelings of anger and the goal is to inflict pain
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what are the effects of testosterone on aggression?
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-prisoners have more than nonprisoners
-men have more of it and are more aggressvie -sexual orientation doesn't matter, which suggests that biology is important -women do agrees, but they do it more indirectly (gossip) |
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What factors make people aggress?
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-Alcohol reduces inhibition
-Discomfort and pain (high temp, painfully cold, pressured applied to skin) -Arousal (Excitation-transfer hypothesis- mislabled arousal, longer time on treadmill= more arousal and more aggression |
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what is the frustration-aggression hypothesis?
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-make people be aggressive
-not being able to address real source of frustration leads to lashing out (NBA brawl) |
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what is direct provocation?
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-we will aggress against those who aggressed against us and meant it
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what did the Mis-wiring study show?
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-when person gave you strong shocks you gave them strong socks back
-in the mis-wired condition, you take into account the persons intentions |
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what is deindividuation?
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-anonymousness increases aggression
-Allen name tag- gave out less shocks -Allen mask on- gave out harshest shocks |
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how does aggressive stimuli respond to aggression?
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-if you are in an environment with more aggressive items, you will act more aggressively
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Classical and operant conditioning with aggression
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-Classical: non aggressive things can be associated with aggression (songs)
-Operant: if you reward aggression you can get more of it |
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social learning and aggression
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Bobo Doll studies
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media and aggression
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-when we watch violent things, it increases violent behavior
-violent video games desensitize players to real-world violent -meta analysis shows that video game playing INCREASES: aggressive behavior, emotion, cognition, and REDUCES: empathy, desensitization, and prosocial behavior |
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porn and aggression
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violent porn, but not basic porn, leads to sexual aggression
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How can aggression be reduced?
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-swift and certain punishment
-effective expression of anger change others -Share anger with others -distractions -apologizes -model after nonaggressive others -building empathy |
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what is a group?
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collection of people who share common features
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what are the three features of groups?
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proximity- physically near each other
similarity- share similar features common fate- share same goals and directions |
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what was shown in the within race study?
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-panel of 3 black and 3 white people talking about random facts in there life
-people were asked to recall those facts, and they weren't able to identify who said the fact but they could better recall which race said the fact |
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what is a stereotype?
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belief that group member, compared to others, share a common attribute
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what is the diagnosticity ratio?
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p (attribute|group member)
-------------------------------------- p (attribute | anyone) *if this ration is not equal to 1, than a stereotype exists |
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what is prejudice?
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-the affective component of one's group beliefs (one's attitude toward the group), can be either negative or positive
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what is discrimination?
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when behavior toward a person is based on social categorization (how one assigns a person to a particular group), not their individual qualities
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what is an in-group?
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-groups to which we belong
-can be something you do or do not choose -we have in group favoritism where we have a preference of our ingroup |
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what is an out group?
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-groups in which we do not belong
-again, can be chosen or not chosen |
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what is the minimal group paradigm?
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-when participants are assigned to groups based on arbitrary or trivial reasons
-we do this to explore essence of "groupness" without expectations, pre-existing stereotypes, or past history -means of assignment: coin flip, dot estimation task |
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what was shown in the maximizing differences study?
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-we want the outgroup to be less well off
-ingroups would rather take 7 and give out group 2 rather than taking 10 and outgroup getting 9 |
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results in the OWN RACE BIAS
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-poorer at recognizing outgroup faces
-less familiarity with outgroup faces -less motivated to individualize racial outgroup members- saw more cross race faces because they were paying attention to it -poorer at recognizing any out groups |
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what is the greatest cause of wrongful convictions?
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-eyewitness misidentification
-role in 75% of convocations overturned by DNA testing |
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what was shown in the WE/THEY study?
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-when an in-group pronoun such as "we" was presented right before the positive word, people were faster to associate them as being positive
-same happened with out group pronouns and words |
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what happened in Jane Elliot's classroom?
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-Eye of the storm demonstration
-kids wore collars based on their eye color -discriminated against different eye colors |
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what was shown in the Stanford Prison Study?
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-participants were given roles to be guards are prisoners, after 6 days they had to stop the study because people were being injured due to the roles they were taking on
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what is the social identity theory?
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-idea that we get self-esteem benefits from seeing ingroups as positive and outgroups as negative
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what is the outgroup extremity effect?
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-idea that we evaluate outgroups more extremely (good or bad) than ingroups because be know less about them
-we over exaggerate how we feel about them |
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what is the out group homogeneity effect?
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-we perceive outgroup members as similar to each other but we see in-group members as quite diverse
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what was shown in the sorority study and the Old/young US/Irish findings?
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-women rated their sorority as more positive and claimed they were diverse and that other sororities were all the same
-old people thought that old people were diverse and that young people weren't -Familiarity is key -No OHE for sex |
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what is the in-group homogeneity effect?
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-we will see out ingroups as relatively homogeneous when they are a minority group or when solidarity is important
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what makes group status more noticeable?
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-direct reminders (uniforms)
-presence of outgroup memebers -being a minority -conflict and rivalry -being self-schematic on group identity dimensions |
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stereotypes help us...
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-deal with an information-filled world
-under high information overload, we process individuals as groups -we can juggle about 16 people, after that we have to start putting people into groups |
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what did the thailand study show us?
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-that holding stereotypes preserves cognitive capacity and organizes information
-If bob was a priest, remembered positive things -If bob was a skinhead, remembered negative things -in both cases, people remembered things about the Thailand recordings |
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what happened in the Susan Smith case?
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-she drove her car into the lake and drowned her two boys
-she told police that she saw a black man do it so police took like exploring black man instead of her |
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what is illusory correlation?
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-when people overestimate the number of rare acts performed by minority group members
-people like group A more and they think group B did twice as many bad things when really thats not true |
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what is the realistic conflict theory?
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-limited resources encourages prejudice and discrimination
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what is the frustration-aggression theory?
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-inability to be aggressive toward source of frustration leads one to displace it on an out group
-For example Scapegoating- non legitimate displacement onto disliked, powerless groups |
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what was shown in the shocking blacks study?
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-white participates interacted with either black or white person
-white person gave out shocks -blacks did not receive the most shocks, but when black and white people both insulted the shockers clothes, there were stronger shocks given to the black people |
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what is an authoritarian personality?
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-some people that are ridged, hostile, and obsessed with power, tend to told greater prejudice against others
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what is the just world hypothesis?
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-belief that "good things happen to good people, bed things happen to be people"
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what does direct learning suggest?
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-that we learn stereotypes from others (parents, peers, media)
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what was shown in the television commercial study?
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-participants who saw non-traditional commercial gave better speeches
-also, non-traditional commercial gave low conformity rates |
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Effects of using group stereotypes
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-greatest guilt was charged with ramirez when jury got his name first, less gulit when the name came after all the facts
-a black child bumpping into a white child is seen as hostile and intentional -impact judgments -biased memory retrieval (Mary K... people remembered more facts about her being a lesbian) |
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what are stereotypes more likely to be used?
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-when infotmation is stereotype-consistant
-when other stereotypic information is encountered -low resources (circadian rhythms) -being happy or angry (but not sad) -when your trying to supress other stereotypes |
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what are consequences of using stereotypes?
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-self-fulfilling prophecies
-stereotype threat (blacks on SAT, women in math) |
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How do people deal with couterstereotypical information?
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-the stereotype will change more when many people are different from the stereotype and not just a few
-if it is just a few then it is looked as as an "exception of the rule" |
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what is the contact hypothesis
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that contact with counterstereotypical group members should reduce stereotypes
-Chicago public housing study (people showed less stereotype when they were surrounded by many different people |
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what is the common intergroup identity model ?
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-alter the perception of intergroup boundaries
-encourage superoridinate identities rather than rely on lower-level identities |
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what happened in the Surgeon Problem study?
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-boy and father were in accident and father died at scene
-surgeon said they couldnt operate on the the boy because it was their son -participants are told that the surgeon is his mom |
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what did the Fishling study and rope pull study show
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-that the presence of groups influences our behavior
-FL: other people around helped performance -RP: other people around hurt performance |
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what is the drive theory of soical facilitation?
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-presence of others increases arousal, which improves performance of easy (or automatic) tasks, but hurts performance of difficult tasks
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what happened in the Pool Shooting Study?
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-when people watched experts, they had more successes
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what does social facilitation occur?
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-alertness favors things you do well
-others can distract us from the task at hand -evaluation apprehension (dont want to look bad) |
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what was shown in the Typing study?
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easy tasks: slower alone but faster when when someone was right behind you watching you type
difficult task: faster when alone, slowest when someone was watching you do it |
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what is social loafing?
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-the presences of other people can hurt your performance
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what did the Cheering study show?
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-as you add more people to the mix of cheering, people make less of an effort to cheer
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what reducing social loafing?
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-believe that one's performance is being evaluated
-task is meaningful and important -believe other's around you won't perform well -group is important -group is smaller -women (rather than men) participate |
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what happened in the Stealing Halloween candy study?
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if kids were asked their name: alone 8%, group 21%
if kids weren't asked anything: alone 22%, group 58% |
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results of invisible for 24 hours questionnaire?
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-because of low accountability and anonymity, 90% wrote down something anti-social and something pretty awful
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