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141 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is psychology?
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The scientific/systematic study of principles of <b>individual behaviour</b> broadly defined (including thoughts, feelings & actions)
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What is sociology?
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The study of social systems and complex social processes (e.g., social change)
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What is social psychology?
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The scientific/systematic study of <b>how individuals (and their thoughts, feelings, behaviours) are influenced by the environment</b> (including other people) AND how individuals influence the environment
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What is construal?
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the way people perceive, understand and interpret the social world (how they construct it in their mind)
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What is altruism?
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helping behaviour
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What are group processes?
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concern with the ways groups, organizations, and the environment affect people’s behaviour e.g., intergroup relations - what causes harmony and what causes conflict between groups?
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What is the defining feature of social psychology?
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Focus on the power of the <b>social situation</b>
Context is key. |
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What is hindsight bias?
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knew-it-all-along phenomenon:
Tendency to exaggerate (after-the-fact) our ability to have predicted the outcome in advance |
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What is post-hoc fallacy?
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The mistaken idea that if A comes before B, then A caused or explains B
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What is nominal-fallacy?
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"naminal"
naming as explaining: The mistaken idea that naming a phenomenon explains it (e.g., “herding instinct”) |
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What are types of social psychology research?
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<b>Differs by location</b>:
Does it take place the lab? Or in the “real world” (i.e., in the field)? <b>Differs by design</b>: Experimental studies Correlational studies |
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What is correlation?
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the extent to which 2 variable co-occur
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What is correlational method?
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Measures or observes variables
Does one change when the other changes? Statistically, the correlation coefficient (r) measures the strength of the linear relationship between two or more things. Ranges -1.0 to +1.0 |
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If there's no linear relationship, r = ?
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0
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No linear relationship—may still be a relationship. True or False?
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True
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Positive and Negative Correlation Examples
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A study of US politicians found that those more strongly endorsing traditional gender values were more likely to believe the myth that women cannot become pregnant from “legitimate” rape*. (positive)
A health psychologist surveying regular patrons at a downtown coffee shop found that those who drank the most coffee were least likely to have consumed alcohol within the past 2 days. (negative) A positive correlation means as the first goes up, so does the second. A negative correlation means as the first goes up, the second goes down. Examples of positive correlations: age -- number of medical conditions hours in the sun -- severity of sunburn Examples of negative correlations temperature -- number of clothing layers people wear amount of exercise -- % body fat |
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In the experimental method, the researcher:
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Manipulates the independent variable (IV)
Controls related variables Using randomisation or direct experimental control Then the researcher: Measures the dependent variable (DV) to see if/how a change in the IV affected the DV |
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What is an independent variable?
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what researcher manipulates
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What is a dependent variable?
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what the researcher measures
Independent happens no matter what, dependent can only happen based on another condition. |
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Independent and dependent variable example
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You're driving. You're driving a vehicle, and you're graphing out how far you go based on how much gas you spend. The independent variable in this situation would be how much gas you spend, and the dependent would be how far you go. Because if you don't spend any gas, you can't go anywhere, but you can leave your engine idling, and not go anywhere.
The trick to determining which is which, is to think about which one happens no matter what. |
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What is randomization?
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process where researcher assigns participants to various levels of the IV by chance (e.g., treatment vs. control group) in order to minimise pre-existing difference between groups.
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What is parsimony?
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<b>the simpler explanation is the best</b>
adding a theory is justified if and only if the predictive power is sufficiently increased |
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What is the naturalistic fallacy?
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an attempt to derive a moral "ought" from an empirical "is." EXAMPLE: Poverty has always been with us, therefore we shouldn't do anything to help the poor.
The "fact" of poverty (the "is"), is being used to justify the "ought" of doing nothing to alleviate poverty. |
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What is lesbian fusion?
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sharing friends, interests with partners; emotional needs met by partners
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What is standpoint theory?
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the people who have the standpoint to see all of the other groups' lives have a greater understanding of all of life. This applies to feminism by saying that women are more understanding of life, and how it works, because they interact in the males sphere (the regular workforce) , but have a sphere (the house) that has not been penetrated by very many men. So women understand both the workforce and the household better, ie life, better than men do.
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What is Behaviour in Context (Landrine's Contextualism)?
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Observable actions don't make a “behaviour”
Need to consider the actions in context Similar actions might be different behaviours Clearing dishes (after dinner vs. middle of a fight) Different actions might be similar behaviours Reading a book vs. knitting on a long bus ride |
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What is legitimate power?
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Based on accepting the right or privilege of an authority figure by virtue of roles in a given cultural space (e.g., parent-child, teacher-student, boss-employee)
often helpful Teachers use power-over (assigns work & grades) Goal: students increase their power-to (academic) |
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What is coercive power?
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Based on a desire to avoid a punishment or in response to the threat of negative repercussions
rarely helpful: Parents use coercive power-over young children to help children learn how to behave (increase power-to) often a hindrance: Husband may use coercive power-over wife to get sex the wife doesn't want (decrease power-to) |
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What is power-to?
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Agency (power over own life/situation)
Access to options, and necessary resources to make desired choices, to control one's actions and their outcomes |
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What is power-over?
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Control (power over others' lives)
Ability to influence other people's access to options and necessary resources to make choices |
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How much of a conversation can women take over without negative perceptions/repercussion?
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1/3
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What is privilege?
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set of unearned benefits or advantages that come from being the norm
e.g., White privilege e.g., male privilege e.g., heterosexual privilege |
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What is the APA and CPA code of ethics?
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Informed consent
Minimise harm and distress Keep data and personal information confidential Ethic of care (researchers in power position) Avoid perpetuating negative stereotypes, especially of non-dominant groups |
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What are special ethical considerations?
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<b>Informed consent</b>:
Potential participants get enough information to be able to decide whether or not to participate <b>Using deception</b>: Researchers withhold information from participants about purpose of experiment or procedures used Only when absolutely necessary When it will not hurt participants Full debriefing afterwards |
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What is the classic critique (Gergen)?
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Social Psychology as a form of social history
Critique of positivism Research: always approaching the objective truth “Truth” as the dominant story Always multiple interpretations, multiple truths People collectively create truth and reality But not everything goes: reality gets created! |
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What are popular theoretical schools?
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<b>Behaviourism</b>: (downfall)
Focus on directly observable actions only <b>Cognitivism</b>: (rise) Focus on implicit and explicit cognitive processes More recently (second half of 20th century) <b>Biology</b>-focused explanations (including evolutionary psychology) <B>Context</b>-focused (social constructionst) explanations |
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What is logical of biological explanations?
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Biological traits correlates with behaviour difference/outcomes
Therefore biology caused the difference/outcomes |
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What is evolutionary biological/psychological explanations?
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Observable differences/outcomes increase reproductive fitness and are selected for
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What are problems with biological explanations?
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Logic of biological explanations:
Biological traits correlates with behaviour difference/outcomes Therefore biology caused the difference/outcomes But, post-hoc fallacy? (third-factor cause?) In Canada, 3-4% of the population is Aboriginal (flaky ear wax; propensity for diabetes) 21% of male prison population is Aboriginal 30% of female prison population is Aboriginal (almost doubled in past 15 year) |
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What are problems with evolutionary explanations?
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Evolutionary biological/psychological explanations:
Observable differences/outcomes increase reproductive fitness and are selected for But nominal fallacy? Why were differences/outcomes selected for? They increased fitness. How do you know outcomes increased fitness? They are observed so they must have been selected for |
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What is social constructionism?
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Collection of theories that consider how social phenomena (including individual experiences, identity, relationships and behaviours) develop and unfold in a social context.
Baby dressed in yellow: participants told that baby was a girl / boy / unknown (Seavey et al, 1975) People chose gender-matching toys and handled “boy” babies more vigorously Imagine impact of early learning |
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What is moral relativism?
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Anything goes?
If multiple truths, how are moral claims possible? Whose truth should stand? (power) |
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What is demand characteristic?
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<b>Cues that influence participants to respond in “desired” ways</b>
Even if theres no talking, what the researchers expect can be translated into actual data Researchers who believe that rats are smart -> rats will perform better Conscious or unconscious Affect non-human animals too |
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What is Influence of Perceiver Expectation?
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Teachers (men and women):
Over-estimate the math and science abilities of boys Under-estimate the math and science abilities of girls Especially true for “mediocre” students Brilliant students will be seen as brilliant regardless of their gender |
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What is confirmation bias?
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Tendency to search for examples to confirm beliefs
Select convenient examples and ignore others Attribute evidence to “nature” |
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What is comparative psychology?
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Comparative psychology=<B>animal</b> psychology
When animals the same-> nature. When animals are different-> attributed to species difference |
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Comparative Psychology—Critique of Biological Explanations
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confirmation bias
Discount/ignore counter-evidence Attribute counter-evidence to species differences Version of Naturalistic Fallacy: What is good for other animals is good/okay for humans |
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When does self-recognition develop?
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around 2
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As we mature, we place less emphasis on physical characteristics and more on psychological states:
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thoughts and feelings
how other people judge us our relationships |
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Why do human adults have such a multifaceted, complex definition of self?
Researchers have found that the self serves: |
<b>An organizational function</b>
Organising autobiographical memories <b>An executive function</B> Imagine events that have not happened Engage in long-term planning |
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What is a self-schema?
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Mental structures that people use to organize their knowledge about themselves and that influence what they notice, think about, and remember about themselves.
Crucial to autobiographical memory also act as lenses through which people view others. |
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What are <i>private</i> self aspects?
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Emotions, motives, personal standards, attitudes, etc.
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What are <i>public</i> self aspects?
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Self-presentations, physical appearance, behaviours
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What is working/spontaneous self-concept?
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Subset of self-knowledge or ideas about self that are brought to mind in a particular situation or context
e.g. see a model -> think you are fat |
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How does one define the self?
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What is relevant in the social situation
What is distinct about self or shared with others |
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What is an independent view of the self?
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A way of defining oneself in terms of one’s own internal thoughts, feelings, and actions and not in terms of the thoughts, feelings, and actions of other people.
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What is an interdependent view of the self?
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A way of defining oneself in terms of one’s relationships to other people; recognizing that one’s behavior is often determined by the thoughts, feelings, and actions of others.
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What is relational interdependence?
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A way of defining oneself in terms of one’s <b>close personal relationships</b>, such as how they feel about their spouse or their child, their friends, their colleagues, etc..
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What is an interdependent view of the self (with regards to relational interdependence)?
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A way of defining oneself in terms of one’s memberships in larger groups, such as a cultural group, a church community or sports fandom, etc.
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What is individualistic culture?
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Britain/Western Europe and former colonies
History of the US |
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What is Collectivism defined in opposition to individualism?
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What “individualism” is not
Diverse ways of being “collectivist” |
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Women and men <i>different</i> in degrees of interdependence. True or false
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False.
they are <i>similar</i> |
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What kind of a culture are China and Japan?
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highly collectivist culture
High interdependence No gender differences re: interdependence |
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Who was Luther?
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challenged the authority of the church, people can interpret the bible
- lead to people wanting to colonize new land |
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Many different ways of being collectivist
One is well defined (________), the other is defined in relation to it (__________) |
indivualist
collectivism |
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What is ethnocentrism?
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Taking one's own cultural standards, values, etc., as the (invisible) “norm”
Judging other people and cultures according to this invisible norm of one' own culture only dominant groups are able to be ethnocentric power to and power over (power to define other groups) |
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What is the impact of ethnocentrism?
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a lot of pressure for assimilation
can make people very close minded and egotistical "othering"/us vs. them |
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What is the social comparison theory?
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The idea that we learn about our own abilities and attitudes by comparing ourselves to other people.
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What is downward social comparison?
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Comparing ourselves with someone who is less skilled or successful than we are
feel good about ourselves |
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What is upward social comparison?
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Comparing ourselves with someone who is more skilled or successful than we are
motivate ourselves (or feel bad) |
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What is the above average effect?
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The tendency for people to rate themselves as above the average on most positive social attributions
“I studied really hard. I deserve this good mark” People in japan rate their family members and friends as higher than average – not likely to rate themselves as high |
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What are self serving attributions?
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The tendency to attribute positive outcomes to ourselves and negative outcomes to external factors
“the test wasn’t fair. I didn’t have time to study |
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What is self monitoring?
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People monitor and adapt their behaviour in response to other people's expectations
walk into a library -> everyone is quiet -> you're quiet |
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What are low self monitors?
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Prefer to act according to their personal views
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What are high self monitors?
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Adjust their actions according to others’ expectations or the situation
High self-monitors tend to have higher self-esteem than low self-monitors in highly individualistic cultures* *only true in individualistic cultures |
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What is explicit self esteem?
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overall attitude toward oneself that one is aware of and reports
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What is implicit self esteem?
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overall attitude of oneself that one is not consciously aware of
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Are there any cultural differences in self-esteem?
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yes
e.g., US vs Japan Only with explicit self-esteem |
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Who is Carol Gilligan?
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"Loss of Voice"
first to study women on their own before studies were based on men - comparing to men, contrasting - women were second |
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High self-esteem can be the result of 3 things:
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1. Healthy self-confidence
2. Exaggerated sense of self 3. Conceited, egotistical, arrogant sense of self |
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What is the operational definition of self-esteem?
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the definition of a construct used by researchers in order to measure that construct
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Violence/aggression is associated with both high and low self-esteem. True or false
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True
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Narcissism _______ the relationship between self-esteem and aggression
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mediates
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What is oppression?
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The subordination of a group (or groups) of people to systemic power-over them, where this power produces systemic inequities between groups
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What are attitudes?
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Evaluative judgement
Valence: positive or negative About some aspect of the social world Directed at a target (i.e., person, idea, phenomenon) Relatively stable/enduring Ambivalent attitudes easier to change Hypothetical constructs |
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What is the ABC model of attitudes?
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Affective, Behaviour, and Cognitive
3 components that contribute to the formation of attitudes |
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What is affective attitude?
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Based on <b>feelings & emotions</b>
Linked to values Not related to logic |
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What is behavioural attitude?
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Based on <b>observations of own (past) behaviour</b>
Related to interpreting <b>own</b> behaviour |
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What is cognitive attitude?
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Based on <b>thoughts & beliefs</b>
Related to logic and reasoning about a topic |
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What are explicit attitudes?
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Attitudes that we consciously endorse and can easily report.
e.g. "do you like geography?" Direct answer person gives “No I dislike geography.” |
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What are implicit attitudes?
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Attitudes that are involuntary, uncontrollable (in that moment), and at times unconscious.
e.g. "do you like geography?" Inferred from some other response How long does it take to respond to word pairs? Bad... geography (RT = ? ms) Good... geography (RT = ? ms) |
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What might influence explicit tests of attitude?
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<b>Social desirability</b>
e.g., Society accepts that racism is bad and I don't want people to label me as something bad <b>Social norms</b> e.g., most people in society agree that racism is bad and I want to be like everyone else <b>Consistency with sense of self</b> e.g., I believe racism is bad and that I am not racist, and I don't want to feel bad about myself |
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How are attitudes measured?
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Questionnaires (explicit attitudes)
Bogus pipeline method Behavioural measures |
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What are likert scales?
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developed by Rensis Likert in the 1930’s
person is presented with a statement representing a particular attitude, and then is asked to indicate how strongly they agree or disagree, often on a 5 point scale |
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What are semantic differential scales?
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- there is an example of this in your textbook where you are asked to rate ‘snakes’ or ‘vacuum cleaners’
participants are asked to rate a concept using a series of adjective pairs which are opposite in meaning (bipolar) – then, items are summed by assigning numbers on a scale unfavorable to favorable (e.g., -3 to +3) summing reveals an overall attitude E.g. Good _ _ _ _ X _ _ _ _ Bad Pretty _ _ X _ _ _ _ _ _ Ugly |
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What is the bogus pipeline method?
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Bogus pipeline method
in this procedure participants are hooked up to sophisticated (in appearance) machinery by electrodes they are led to believe that researchers can accurately assess their true attitudes through these physiological measures -- they are just confirming it by turning a dial so participant thinks that the researcher knows when they are lying -- more likely to respond honestly in actuality, person is revealing their attitude with their turn of the dial and nothing else very effective for measuring attitudes toward targets that are difficult to get honest responses too e.g., prejudice, drinking alcohol during pregnancy etc. problems ethically because of deception - not used much |
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What are behavioural measures?
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here the researchers infer attitudes from behaviour toward a target object or person
e.g., lost letter technique - participant finds a stamped addressed envelope which reveals some information the participant might have an attitude toward - addressed to a Union, a charity, human rights, etc. e.g., wrong # technique -- person calls you, it is a wrong number but asks you to call the other person for them because it is their last quarter = again the researchers vary some target that people might have attitudes toward, e.g., male versus females in crisis, accent of new immigrant versus Canadian accent, etc. measure # of calls made - gives proportion favorable attitudes to unfavorable |
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Why the interest in attitude research?
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real life applications
during WWII the gov’t to the US was increasingly concerned about the effects of persuasion and propaganda – led to creation of first major American laboratory investigating attitude change (at Yale) had practical concerns: how could the Allies successfully demoralize the enemy through propaganda? how could the military successfully indoctrinate soldiers with their own messages while innoculating them in some way to prevent brainwashing? how could the gov’t persuade civilians to support the war effort? these questions lead to a lot of research on attitudes and attitude change in the 1940s and 1950s and attitudes are still popular research topics |
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Who was LaPierre?
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a lot of racism against <b>chinese</b> people in US and Canada
would the restaurants actually serve them? -> sent questionaires to restaurants asking if they would serve them -> said no. but when couple was actually in the restaurant, they were served |
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What are general vs. specific attitudes?
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general attitudes not related to behaviour
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When do attitudes predict behaviour?
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<b>When situational constraints are small</b>
e.g., social desirability when a behaviour is accessible/easy to do -> we are more likely to do the behaviour <b>When attitudes are strongly held</b> e.g., really believing that stealing food out of need/hunger should not be punished attitudes more likely to predict a behaviour when we really feel strongly about something <b>When held attitudes are extreme</b> e.g., believing that stealing food is a righteous political act aimed at dismantling and unjust and violent system strongly held=what you believe extreme=attitude itself people who think shoplifting is ok are more likely to partake in that behaviour <b>Personal experience</b> Do I believe this because of my experience? if you believed people in need could steal, and you were poor when you were little and stole |
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What did the study on children cheating find?
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found: 1. kids attitudes about cheating ahead of time were not that strongly related to whether or not the kids would cheat -> <b>attitudes didnt predict behaviour</b>
2. the kids who cheated and the kids who didnt cheat, their attitudes afterwards changed. ones who did-> more harsh on cheating. kids who did-> more lenient in their attitudes |
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What is cognitive dissonance?
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Uncomfortable mental state that arises when we notice we are inconsistent (hypocritical)
We have 2 or more inconsistent attitudes Our behaviour does not match our attitude(s) |
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What did the study about the boring task and money find?
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$20 - could see there was a reason they lied - they paid me good money to do it
$1 - cognitive dissonance there - i wasnt really paid a lot of money, dont really have good reasons to do it, but i did it - maybe the task wasnt that bad |
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What is the Insufficient justification effect?
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if you dont have enough justification for your behaviour, then you'll change your attitude
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How does one resolve cognitive dissonance?
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Can change your attitudes and/or behaviour so that they are all consistent -> say you hate unhealthy people -> eat a donut -> either change your attitude or change your behaviour so they're consistent
Can acquire new information to support attitude(s) or behaviour Can convince self that discrepancy does not matter |
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What is social cognition?
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How people select, interpret, analyse, remember and use (social) information to make decisions and judgements about the social world
People are very bad at logical reasoning But... people are very good at logical reasoning about <i>socially relevant </i>information. |
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What is automatic thinking?
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Thought it often automatic, based in emotion, and not rational
People sometimes make erroneous impressions |
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Automatic and erroneous thinking is based in:
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Schemas
Heuristics Affect (current mood) |
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What is bottom-up processing?
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perception of data influences cognitions/ideas
in the bottom-up approach instead you have exactly the contrary,that is, you start from the causes to reach the final event. processing that begins with the analysis of individual elements of the stimulus and works up to the brains integration of them into a unified perception. "if enough apples fall on our heads we may conclude that a general force exists that pulls objects towards earth" |
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What is top-down processing?
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Cognitions/ideas influence perception of data
top-down means that you are starting your study from the final event (whatever the case may be) and you are going backwards to the causes/reasons/sources; processing in which existing knowledge, concepts, ideas, or expectations are applied in order to make sense of incoming stimulation. "If I burnt my hand last time I touched the hot stove, and if I touch the hot stove again, then I will burn my hand" |
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What is a schema?
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Cognitive belief system
Centering around a particular theme that helps us organise ideas and information Based on shared understandings of how aspects of the social world typically work |
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What are 3 basic types of schemas?
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1. <b>common events</b>: scripts - like the restaurant example (the way things usually are)
2. <b>People</b>: person schema - the way we think about ourselves 3. <b>Social roles</b>: role schemas - how people are supposed to act in certain situations |
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How do schemas affect gathering information?
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Acts as a filter (directs attention):
we notice what matches our schemas Badmitton game- count number of times the birdy goes over the net. Man in gorilla suit walks by ->no one notices. Not part of sports schema |
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How do schemas affect storing information?
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Affects how info is stored:
Info that does not match schema(s) is encoded in a different location in memory (“tagged”) Information that doesn’t match our schema isnt noticed. Or when it is, its stored somewhere else |
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How do schemas affect retrieving information?
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Affects how info is recalled:
Info that matches schema(s) is more quickly and reliably recalled information that is similar to your schema is easier to remember and bring forth |
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What are schemas as stereotypes?
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Stereotypes are schemas about social groups
Stereotypes can be applied Rapidly Automatically E.g., stereotype re: Black men with weapons |
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What are heuristics?
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Simple rules for making complex decisions/inferences
Rapid Seemingly effortless Quick/simple way of dealing with lots of information They work (most of the time) |
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What is representativeness heuristic?
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"represents something from the past"
Strategy for making judgements by how similar current stimulus is to past known stimuli |
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What is availability heuristic?
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Strategy for making judgements by how easily examples come to mind
e.g. People discount facts/theories like smoking causes cancer because a "friend of a friend" smoked 2 packs a day and lived to be 100. |
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What is attribution?
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The process by which people use information to make inferences about the causes of behaviour or attitudes.
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What is attribution theory?
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The principles that determine how attributions are made and what effects these causal attributions have
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Why are attributions important?
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1) Attributions help people to predict and control the environment
2) Attributions help to determine our feelings, attitudes and behaviour 3) Attributions for past events influence our expectations about the future |
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What is Locus of causality?
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refers to the central issue in most perceptions of causality - whether to attribute a given act to <B>Internal states or to external forces</b>
Internal attributions – include all causes internal to the person, such as moods, attitudes, personality traits, abilities, health, preferences, or wishes External attributions – would include all causes external to the person, such as pressure from others, money, the nature of the social situation, the weather, and so on. |
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What are internal/dispositional attributions?
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“Attributions of causality to factors internal to the individual, such as his or her attitudes, personality, ability, emotions, or effort” (Sears, et al, 1991, p. 553) - also called “dispositional attributions”
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What are external/situational attributions?
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“Attributions of causality for a person’s behaviour or attitudes to factors external to the individual, such as luck, or other people, or the situation.” (Sears, et al., 1991, p. 551) -- also called “situational attributions”
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What is the fundamental attribution error?
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The tendency for observers to overestimate the causal importance of a person’s dispositions and underestimate the importance of the situation when they explain the person’s actions
aka the correspondence bias |
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What is the actor-observer bias?
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The tendency for observers to overestimate the importance of the actor’s dispositions, and for the actor to overestimate the importance of the situation in explaining the actor’s behaviour.
"i was driving really fast because my wife is in labour" "that guy was driving really fast because he's an idiot!" |
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What is self-serving attributional bias?
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The tendency for people to see their positive behaviours as internally caused and their negative behaviours (such as failure) as caused by external circumstances
"i got an A on that test because i studied" "i got a B on that test because the teacher is unfair" |
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What is the camera perspective bias?
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People in focus are viewed as more responsible for events (higher dispositional attributions)
People out of focus are viewed as more swept up in circumstance (higher situational attributions) E.g., prisoner's confession Camera on prisoner: prisoner confesses voluntarily Camera on guard: prisoner's confession is coerced |
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What are types of attributions?
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<b>Automatic/unconscious</b>
Perception, belief Earnest <b>Deliberate</b> Explanation of action/behaviour/response May be earnest or deceptive/manipulative In practice, the two types are merged |
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What is a misattribution?
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Misattribution:
Attributing behaviour to wrong cause by mistake “Misattribution Theory” of Sexual Violence Presented in the textbook The idea that men sexually harass or rape women because they mistakenly believe that women are into it. Based on the explanations men give to account for why they have harassed or raped women |
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What are problems with research supporting the misattribution theory?
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Research cannot distinguish between willingly disregarding women's refusals and innocently misunderstanding those refusals
(Hickman & Muehlenhard, 1999) Research cannot discount that men misunderstand women's refusals because they willingly ignore them (Abbey et al, 2011) |
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What are the origins of evolutionary psychology?
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Late 19th century, early 20th century
Eugenics movement Rise throughout the 30s and 40s evolutionary psychology is not a response to the crisis. it was around beforehand grew out of the eugenics movement |
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What is a problem with lab experiments?
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A lot of these findings do not apply to human behaviours outside the lab
Findings limited to the lab Do not generalise to real-world behaviour |
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What is "the bell curve"?
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looked at intelligence and race and penis size in men
asian people smartest, followed by white people, then black - extremely racist work |
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What is "androcentrism"?
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andro->andrew->mens name
Men as “norm” Women marked/different from men Women's difference from men is transformed into women's disadvantage Recall: male privilege Systemic unearned advantage Power-to and power-over |
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What is Heteronormativity?
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Heterosexual as (invisible) norm
Heterosexual relationships given recognition |
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What is gender binary?
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Men and women defined in opposition
e.g., opposite genders; active vs. Passive Enforced through heteronormativity Part of women's role: pursue romantic relationships with men Part of men's role: pursue romantic relationships with women |
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What is the self-perception theory?
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When attitudes are unclear/ambiguous, infer attitudes from behaviour
self-perception theory and cognitive dissonance theory often work together |
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What role does culture play with cognitive dissonance?
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observed in cultures
more individualistic -> stronger when faced with justifying your own behaviour more collectivist -> stronger when faced with justifying family's behaviour |
