Social Psychology: Ex 1 Terms

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Social psychology: The scientific study of how individuals think, feel, and behave in a social context.

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Social psychology: The scientific study of how individuals think, feel, and behave in a social context.

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Interactionalist Perspective: an emphasis on how both an individual's personality and environmental characteristics influence behavior.

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Interactionalist Perspective: an emphasis on how both an individual's personality and environmental characteristics influence behavior.

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Social cognition: the study of how people perceive, remember, and interpret information about themselves and others.

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Social cognition: the study of how people perceive, remember, and interpret information about themselves and others.

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Social neuroscience: The study of the relationship between neural and social processes.

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Social neuroscience: The study of the relationship between neural and social processes.

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Behavioral genetics: a subfield of psychology that examines the role of genetic factors in behavior.

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Behavioral genetics: a subfield of psychology that examines the role of genetic factors in behavior.

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Evolutionary Psychology: a subfield of psychology that uses the principles of evolution to understand human social behavior.

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Evolutionary Psychology: a subfield of psychology that uses the principles of evolution to understand human social behavior.

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Culture: A system of enduring meanings, beliefs, values, assumptions, institutions, and practices shared by a large group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next.

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Culture: A system of enduring meanings, beliefs, values, assumptions, institutions, and practices shared by a large group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next.

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Cross-cultural research: Research designed to compare and contrast people of different cultures.

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Cross-cultural research: Research designed to compare and contrast people of different cultures.

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Multicultural research: research designed to examine racial and ethnic groups within cultures.

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Multicultural research: research designed to examine racial and ethnic groups within cultures.

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Hypothesis: a testable prediction about the conditions under which an event will occur.

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Hypothesis: a testable prediction about the conditions under which an event will occur.

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_____: an organized set of principles used to explain observed phenomena.

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Theory

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_______ ______: Research whose goal is to increase the understanding of human behavior, often by testing hypotheses based on theory.

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Basic Research

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_______ ______: research whose goals are to enlarge the understanding of naturally occurring events and to find solutions to practical problems.

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Applied research

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________ _______: the specific procedures for manipulating or measuring a conceptual variable.

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Operational definition

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_______ _______: the extent to which the measures used in a study measure the variables they were designed to measure and the manipulations in an experiment manipulate the variables they were designed to manipulate.

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Construct validity

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__________ ________ ________: a procedure in which research participants are (falsely) led to believe that their responses will be verified by an infallible lie-detector.

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Bogus Pipeline Technique

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________ __________: the degree to which different observers agree on their observations

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Interrater reliability

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____ _________-: a method of selecting participants for a study so that everyone in a population has an equal chance of being in the study.

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Random Sampling

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___________ ____________: research designed to measure the association between variables that are not manipulated by the researcher.

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Correlational Research

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________ _______: a statistical measure of the strength and direction of the association between two variables.

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Correlation coefficient

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___________: a form of research that can demonstrate casual relationships because (1) the experimenter has control over the events that occur and (2) participants are randomly assigned to conditions.

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Experiment

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__________ ________: a method of assigning participants to the various conditions of an experiment has an equal chance of being in any of the conditions.

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Random Assignment

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__________ _________: in an experiment, a factor that experiments manipulate to see if it affects the dependent variable.

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Independent variable

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_________ ________: in an experiment, a factor that experimenters measure to see if it is affected by the independent variable.

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Dependent variable

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_____ _______: a variable that characterizes pre-existing differences among the participants in a study.

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Subject variable

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_________ ______: the degree to which there can be reasonable certainty that the independent variables in an experiment caused the effects obtained on the dependent variables.

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Internal validity

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_______ __________ ____: the effects produced when an experimenter's expectations about the results of an experiment effect his or her behavior toward a participant and thereby influence the participants responses.

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Experimenter expectancy effects

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_______ ______: the degree to which there can be reasonable confidence that the results of a study would be obtained for other people and in other situations.

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External validity

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_______ __________: the degree to which the experimental situation resembles places and events in the world.

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Mundane realism

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__________ __________: the degree to which experimental procedures are involving to participants and lead them to behave naturally and spontaneously.

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Experimental realism

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___________: in the context of research, a method that provides false information to participants.

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Deception

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____________: accomplice of an experimenter who, in dealing with the real participants in an experiment, acts as if he or she is also a participant.

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Confederate

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____ ________: a set of statistical procedures used to review a body of evidence by combining the results of individual studies to measure the overall reliability and strength of particular effects.

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Meta-analysis

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_______ _______: an individual's deliberate, voluntary decision to participate in research, based on the researcher's description of what will be required during such participation.

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Informed consent

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_________: a disclosure, made to participants after research procedures are completed, in which the researcher explains the purpose of the research, attempts to resolve any negative feelings, and emphasizes the scientific contribution made by the participants involvement.

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Debriefing

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_______ _______: the sum total of an individuals beliefs about his or her own personal attributes.

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Self Concept

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____ _______: a belief people hold about themselves at guides the processing of self-relevant information.

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Self-schema

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_________ ___________: the process of predicting how one would feel in response to future.

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Affective Forecasting

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______ ______ _______: the theory that when internal cues are difficult to interpret, people gain self-insight by observing their own behavior.

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Self perceptive theory

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______ _______ ______: the hypothesis that changes in facial expression can lead to corresponding changes in emotion.

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Facial feedback hypothesis

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______ _____ _______: the tendency of intrinsic motivation to diminish for activities that have become associated with reward or other extrinsic factors.

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Over justification effect

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________ _______ _____: the theory that people evaluate their own abilities and opinions by comparing themselves to others.

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Social comparison theory

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____ ______ ______ __ _____: the theory that the experience of emotion is based on two factors; physiological arousal and a cognitive interpretation of that arousal.

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Two-factor theory of emotion

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__________: an eastern system of thought that accepts the coexistence of contradictory characteristics within a single person.

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Dialecticism

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______ ______: an affective component of the self, consisting of a person's positive and negative self-evaluations.

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Self esteem

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______ _______ ________: the theory that humans cope with the fear of their own death by constructing worldviews that help to preserve their self esteem.

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Terror Management Theory

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______ _________ ______: the theory that self-focused attention leads people to notice self-discrepancies, thereby motivating either an escape from self-awareness or a change in behavior.

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Self awareness theory

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_____ _____ _______: a personality characteristic of individuals who are introspective, often attending to their own inner states.

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Private self- Consciousness

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______ ______ _________: a personality characteristic of individuals who focus on themselves as social objects, as seen by others.

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Public self-consciousness

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______ _________: a non conscious form of self-enhancement.

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Implicit egotism

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____ _________: behaviors designed to sabotage one's own performance in order to provide a subsequent excuse for failure.

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Self-handicapping

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_____ _ _____ _____): to increase self-esteem by associating with others who are successful.

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Bask in reflected glory (BIRG)

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______ ______ ____: the defensive tendency to compare ourselves with others who are worse off than we are.

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Downward social comparison

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_____ _________: strategies people use to shape what others think of them.

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Self presentation

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____ _______: the tendency to change behavior in response to the self-presentation concerns of the situation.

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Self Monitoring