Social Psychology Chapter 10

Front 1

propinquity effect

Back 1

The finding that the more we see and interact with people, the more likely they are to become our friends

Front 2

mere exposure effect

Back 2

The finding that the more exposure we have to a stimulus, the more apt we are to like it.

Front 3

social exchange theory

Back 3

The idea that people's feelings about a relationship depend on their perceptions of the rewards and costs of the relationship they deserve, and their chances for having a better relationship with someone else.

Front 4

comparison level

Back 4

People's expectations about the levels of rewards and punishments they are likely to receive in a particular relationship.

Front 5

comparison level for alternatives

Back 5

People's expectations about the level of rewards and punishments they would receive in an alternative relationship.

Front 6

equity theory

Back 6

The idea that people are happiest with relationships in which the rewards and costs experienced and the contributions made by both parties are roughly equal.

Front 7

companionate love

Back 7

The intimacy and affection we feel when we care deeply for a person but do not experience or passion or arousal in the person's presence.

Front 8

passionate love

Back 8

An intense longing we feel for a person, accompanied by physiological arousal; when our love is reciprocated, we feel great fulfillment and ecstasy, but when it is not, we feel sadness and despair.

Front 9

evolutionary approach to love

Back 9

A theory derived from evolutionary biology that holds that men and women are attracted to different characteristics in each other (men are attracted by women's appearance, women are attracted by men's resources) because this maximises their chances of reproductive success.

Front 10

evolutionary psychology

Back 10

The attempt to explain social behavior in terms of genetic factors that evolved over time according to the principles of natural selection.

Front 11

attachment styles

Back 11

The expectations people develop about relationships with others, based on the relationship they had with their primary caregiver when they were infants.

Front 12

secure attachment style

Back 12

An attachment style characterized by trust, a lack of concern with being abandoned, and the view that one is worthy and well liked.

Front 13

avoidant attachment style

Back 13

An attachment style characterized by a suppression of attachment needs, because attempts to be intimate have been rebuffed; people with this style find it defficult to develop intimate relationships.

Front 14

anxious/ambivalent attachment style

Back 14

An attachment style characterized by a concern that others will not reciprocate one's desire for intimacy, resulting in higher-than-average levels of anxiety.

Front 15

investment model

Back 15

The theory that people's commitment to a relationship depends not only on their satisfaction with the relationship in terms of rewards, costs and comparison level and their comparison level for alternatives, but also on how much they have invested in the relationship that would be lost by leaving it.

Front 16

exchange relationships

Back 16

Relationships governed by the need for equity (i.e. for an equal ratio of rewards and costs).

Front 17

communal relationships

Back 17

Relationships in which people's primary concern is being responsive to the other person's needs.

Front 18

need for affiliation

Back 18

The desire to establish social contact with others.

Front 19

arouses (increases)

Back 19

Stress ________ our need for affiliation

Front 20

loneliness

Back 20

A feeling of deprivation about social relations.

Front 21

proximity

Back 21

Factors that affect initial attraction: 1) ________, 2) familiarity, 3) physical attractiveness, 4) similarity, 5) reciprocity, 6) arousal, 7) evolutionary reproductive strategy.

Front 22

familiarity

Back 22

Factors that affect initial attraction: 1) proximity, 2) ________, 3) physical attractiveness, 4) similarity, 5) reciprocity, 6) arousal, 7) evolutionary reproductive strategy.

Front 23

physical attractiveness

Back 23

Factors that affect initial attraction: 1) proximity, 2) familiarity, 3) ________, 4) similarity, 5) reciprocity, 6) arousal, 7) evolutionary reproductive strategy.

Front 24

similarity

Back 24

Factors that affect initial attraction: 1) proximity, 2) familiarity, 3) physical attractiveness, 4) ________, 5) reciprocity, 6) arousal, 7) evolutionary reproductive strategy.

Front 25

reciprocity

Back 25

Factors that affect initial attraction: 1) proximity, 2) familiarity, 3) physical attractiveness, 4) similarity, 5) ________, 6) arousal, 7) evolutionary reproductive strategy.

Front 26

arousal

Back 26

Factors that affect initial attraction: 1) proximity, 2) familiarity, 3) physical attractiveness, 4) similarity, 5) reciprocity, 6) ________, 7) evolutionary reproductive strategy.

Front 27

evolutionary reproductive strategy

Back 27

Factors that affect initial attraction: 1) proximity, 2) familiarity, 3) physical attractiveness, 4) similarity, 5) reciprocity, 6) arousal, 7) ________.

Front 28

functional distance

Back 28

Aspect of architecture that determines the likelihood of friendship; people near stairs and mail box more likely to be friends.

Front 29

times of transition or disruption

Back 29

Loneliness is most likely to occur during __________.

Front 30

adolescents and young adults up 18 to 30 years

Back 30

Loneliest groups in America are ______________

Front 31

everyone wants the most attractive, charming date

Back 31

Blind date study found that 1) ______________, 2) people matched with best dates wanted to pursue them again, 3) nothing else mattered (social skills) 4) there were no gender differences

Front 32

people matched with best dates wanted to pursue them again

Back 32

Blind date study found that 1) everyone wants the most attractive, charming date, 2) ______________, 3) nothing else mattered (social skills) 4) there were no gender differences

Front 33

nothing else mattered (e.g. social skills)

Back 33

Blind date study found that 1) everyone wants the most attractive, charming date, 2) people matched with best dates wanted to pursue them again, 3) ______________ 4) there were no gender differences

Front 34

there were no gender differences

Back 34

Blind date study found that 1) everyone wants the most attractive, charming date, 2) people matched with best dates wanted to pursue them again, 3) nothing else mattered (social skills) 4) ______________

Front 35

large eyes

Back 35

Features considered universally beautiful 1) ______________, 2) prominent cheekbones, 3) big smile, 4) men - large chin, 5) women - narrow cheeks and high eyebrows

Front 36

prominent cheekbones

Back 36

Features considered universally beautiful 1) large eyes, 2) ______________, 3) big smile, 4) men - large chin, 5) women - narrow cheeks and high eyebrows

Front 37

big smile

Back 37

Features considered universally beautiful 1) large eyes, 2) prominent cheekbones, 3) ______________, 4) men - large chin, 5) women - narrow cheeks and high eyebrows

Front 38

men - large chin

Back 38

Features considered universally beautiful 1) large eyes, 2) prominent cheekbones, 3) big smile, 4) ______________, 5) women - narrow cheeks and high eyebrows

Front 39

women - narrow cheeks and high eyebrows

Back 39

Features considered universally beautiful 1) large eyes, 2) prominent cheekbones, 3) big smile, 4) men - large chin, 5) ______________

Front 40

average, symmetrical

Back 40

The more _______ and _______ a face is, the more it is seen as attractive.

Front 41

evolutionary

Back 41

The explanation that "averageness and symmetry signals health" represents which psychological perspective on physical attractiveness?* [evolutionary/cognitive psych]*

Front 42

cognitive psych

Back 42

The explanation that "prototypes are perceived as familiar and as the "best" examples (prototypes) of the category" represents which

Front 43

both within and between

Back 43

Ideal body shapes vary *[within/between/both within and between]* cultures

Front 44

more

Back 44

Body type appears to be *[less/more]* cross-culturally variable than facial attractiveness

Front 45

beauty enhancement

Back 45

Cultural differences in attractiveness standards vary: 1) in_______, 2) in standards, 3) in ideal body shapes, 4) over time

Front 46

standards

Back 46

Cultural differences in attractiveness standards vary: 1) in beauty enhancement, 2) in _______ , 3) in ideal body shapes, 4) over time

Front 47

ideal body shapes

Back 47

Cultural differences in attractiveness standards vary: 1) in beauty enhancement, 2) in standards, 3) in _______, 4) over time

Front 48

over time

Back 48

Cultural differences in attractiveness standards vary: 1) in beauty enhancement, 2) in standards, 3) in ideal body shapes, 4) _______

Front 49

negative

Back 49

The factor of similarity in interpersonal attraction indicates that sharing a *[negative/positive]* attitude about a third party may be especially likely to increase liking for another person.

Front 50

negative, positive

Back 50

Sharing a ________ attitude increases likelihood of liking more than sharing a _______attitude.

Front 51

resist liking that person in return

Back 51

The factor of reciprocity in interpersonal attraction indicates that if someone likes you, it is hard to ___________

Front 52

nonverbal liking

Back 52

Mimicry is a factor of reciprocity in interpersonal attraction indicates that mimicry is ______

Front 53

excitation transfer

Back 53

What is the name of the theory that says that one's physiological arousal can be labeled in many ways; sometimes arousal is misattributed to romantic interest

Front 54

evolutionary psychology

Back 54

What are the two perspectives on why average faces are seen as more attractive? 1) __________, 2) cognitive psychology.

Front 55

cognitive psychology

Back 55

What are the two perspectives on why average faces are seen as more attractive? 1) __________, 2) evolutionary psychology.

Front 56

Matching Hypothesis

Back 56

Name the theory: People tend to become involved romantically with others who are equivalent in their physical attractiveness (and SES status, and attitudes).

Front 57

no

Back 57

Do opposites attract?

Front 58

greater

Back 58

In Murstein (1972) study, was there *[less/greater]* similarity in attractiveness ratings of couples than of random pairs?

Front 59

more

Back 59

In Zajonc et. al. (1987) study, people were *[less/more]* accurate at guessing which individuals were couples after 25 years compared to photos of the individuals at a younger age.

Front 60

negative

Back 60

Sharing a *[positive/negative]* attitude about a third party may be especially likely to increase liking for another person.

Front 61

harder

Back 61

If someone likes you, it is *[easier/harder]* to resist liking that person in return

Front 62

excitation transfer theory

Back 62

Name the theory: One's physiological arousal can be labeled in many ways; sometimes arousal is misattributed to romantic interest

Front 63

professional status, height

Back 63

In Personal ads, men are more likely to offer information about their ________and _______.

Front 64

attractiveness, weight, younger women

Back 64

In Personal ads, men seek _________, __________ and _____________

Front 65

physical attractiveness, weight

Back 65

In Personal ads, women are more likely to offer information about their __________, and____________

Front 66

professional status, height, older men

Back 66

In Personal ads, women seek ___________, ________________ and __________

Front 67

highly selective

Back 67

Evolutionary perspective says that women must be ___________ because they are biologically limited in the number of children they can bear and raise in a lifetime

Front 68

inseminating many women

Back 68

Evolutionary perspective says that men can father an unlimited number of children and ensure their reproductive success by _________.

Front 69

fertile (physical markers of health and reproductive fitness)

Back 69

Men tend to seek younger women (who are most likely to be _________).

Front 70

resources

Back 70

Women tend to desire older men (who are most likely to have _______________).

Front 71

sexual

Back 71

Men become most jealous from ______ infidelity.

Front 72

emotional

Back 72

Women feel more threatened by _________ infidelity.

Front 73

mutual attraction (love)

Back 73

Cross-cultural universals for long term relationships, both men and women desire in a mate: 1) ______, 2) dependable character, 3) emotional stability, 4) pleasing disposition

Front 74

dependable character

Back 74

Cross-cultural universals for long term relationships, both men and women desire in a mate: 1) mutual attraction (love), 2) ______, 3) emotional stability, 4) pleasing disposition

Front 75

emotional stability

Back 75

Cross-cultural universals for long term relationships, both men and women desire in a mate: 1) mutual attraction (love), 2) dependable character, 3) ______, 4) pleasing disposition

Front 76

pleasing disposition

Back 76

Cross-cultural universals for long term relationships, both men and women desire in a mate: 1) mutual attraction (love), 2) dependable character, 3) emotional stability, 4) ______

Front 77

passion, intimacy, commitment

Back 77

According to Sternberg's Triangular Model of Love, what are the three main elements of love which, when combined in different ways, can be used to describe romantic love, fatuous love and companionate love?

Front 78

commitment

Back 78

According to Sternberg's Triangular Model of Love, "Empty Love" would be incomplete because it has only one of the three elements of love: passion, intimacy, commitment. Which one?

Front 79

passion

Back 79

According to Sternberg's Triangular Model of Love, "Infatuation" would be incomplete because it has only one of the three elements of love: passion, intimacy, commitment. Which one?

Front 80

intimacy

Back 80

According to Sternberg's Triangular Model of Love, "Liking" would be incomplete because it has only one of the three elements of love: passion, intimacy, commitment. Which one?

Front 81

social exchange theory

Back 81

Theories of romantic relationships: 1) ____________, 2) equity theory, 3) attachment theory, 4) evolutionary explanations

Front 82

equity theory

Back 82

Theories of romantic relationships: 1) social exchange theory, 2) ____________, 3) attachment theory, 4) evolutionary explanations

Front 83

attachment theory

Back 83

Theories of romantic relationships: 1) social exchange theory, 2) equity theory, 3) ____________, 4) evolutionary explanations

Front 84

evolutionary explanations

Back 84

Theories of romantic relationships: 1) social exchange theory, 2) equity theory, 3) attachment theory, 4) ____________

Front 85

economic negotiations

Back 85

According to social exchange theory, all social relationships like ____________

Front 86

rewards exceed costs

Back 86

According to social exchange theory, we seek out and maintain relationships where ____________

Front 87

similar for both partners

Back 87

According to equity theory, people are most satisfied with a relationship when the ratio between the benefits and contributions is __________

Front 88

parent-child interaction patterns

Back 88

According to attachment theory, there are three types of interactions patterns for romantic relationships which are based on ____________

Front 89

secure, avoidant, anxious (ambivalent)

Back 89

According to attachment theory, there are three types of interactions patterns for romantic relationships which are: _______, _________, __________

Front 90

56

Back 90

Percentage of adults who - according to attachment theory - would be classified as "secure" in their interaction pattern

Front 91

25

Back 91

Percentage of adults who - according to attachment theory - would be classified as "avoidant" in their interaction pattern

Front 92

secure

Back 92

According to attachment theory, people with which type of interaction pattern would most likely be able to develop enduring mature, intimate relationships?

Front 93

avoidant

Back 93

According to attachment theory, people with which type of interaction pattern would be more likely suppress their attachment needs, and have difficulty establishing mature, intimate relationships?

Front 94

anxious (ambivalent)

Back 94

According to attachment theory, people with which type of interaction pattern would most likely be concerned that others wouldn't reciprocate their feelings?

Front 95

collectivist

Back 95

Are people from individualistic or collectivist cultures more likely to marry someone if they were not in love?

Front 96

reject

Back 96

In lesbian & gay relationships, people tend to *[replicate/reject]* traditional husband-wife roles as models for their relationships.

Front 97

just as

Back 97

In lesbian & gay relationships, people tend to be *[just as/not as]* successful as heterosexual relationships

Front 98

no

Back 98

In lesbian & gay relationships, there are *[no/large]* differences in measures of love, satisfaction

Front 99

liking

Back 99

In a study that compared expressed love and liking in married heterosexual, cohabiting heterosexual, gay, and lesbian romantic relationships, researchers found that that there were no differences between couples liking or loving their partners, except that cohabiting couples were lower on *[liking/loving]* their partners.

Front 100

more

Back 100

In Oliver & Hydes (1993) review of research, they found that men were *[less/more/no different in]* liberal in attitudes toward premarital sex than women.

Front 101

more

Back 101

In Oliver & Hydes (1993) review of research, they found that men were* [less/more/not different in]* accepting of extramarital sex compared to women.

Front 102

more

Back 102

In Oliver & Hydes (1993) review of research, they found that men were *[less/more]* likely to have had sex than women.

Front 103

larger

Back 103

In Oliver & Hydes (1993) review of research, they found that men reported* [smaller/larger/no difference in]* number of sexual partners compared to women.

Front 104

more

Back 104

In Oliver & Hydes (1993) review of research, they found that men were only slightly* [less/more]* liberal in attitude toward masturbation compared to women

Front 105

much

Back 105

In Oliver & Hydes (1993) review of research, they found that men had *[slightly/much]* greater incidence of masturbation than women

Front 106

no difference in

Back 106

In Oliver & Hydes (1993) review of research, they found that men reported *[less/more/no difference in]* sexual satisfaction compared to women.

Front 107

no difference in

Back 107

In Oliver & Hydes (1993) review of research, they found that men reported *[less/more/no difference in]* incidence of kissing compared to women.

Front 108

no difference in

Back 108

In Oliver & Hydes (1993) review of research, they found that men reported* [less/more/no difference in]* incidence of oral sex compared to women.

Front 109

no difference in

Back 109

In Oliver & Hydes (1993) review of research, they found that men had *[lower/higher/ no difference in]* attitudes toward homosexuality compared to women.

Front 110

just for sex

Back 110

In a comparison of men's and women's preferences for a partner for a person to *[date/ date steadily/ marry / just for sex]*, men and women had similar minimum standards for intelligence in their partner except for _________

Front 111

criticism

Back 111

Trouble markers for marriages, which, together, can predict divorce 14 years later are 1) _________, 2) defensiveness, 3) stonewalling, 4) contempt.

Front 112

defensiveness

Back 112

Trouble markers for marriages, which, together, can predict divorce 14 years later are 1) criticism, 2) _________, 3) stonewalling, 4) contempt.

Front 113

stonewalling

Back 113

Trouble markers for marriages, which, together, can predict divorce 14 years later are 1) criticism, 2) defensiveness, 3) _________, 4) contempt.

Front 114

contempt

Back 114

Trouble markers for marriages, which, together, can predict divorce 14 years later are 1) criticism, 2) defensiveness, 3) stonewalling, 4) _________.

Front 115

long-lasting

Back 115

A relationship is likely to be* [long-lasting/ break up]* when the couple: has incorporated each other into one's self

Front 116

interdependent, much

Back 116

A relationship is likely to be long-lasting when the couple has become _________and has invested* [little/much]* into the relationship

Front 117

intensified

Back 117

Where a couple has become interdependent and has invested much into the relationship, stress is* [reduced/intensified] *after the relationship ends.

Front 118

negative

Back 118

People in successful marriages tend to discount or forget *[positive/negative]* interpersonal memories and events

Front 119

satisfaction

Back 119

Conveying idealized depictions of one's relationship leads to marital *[satisfaction/disillusionment]*.