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51 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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self-concept
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the total organized body of information that any given person has about himself or herself; consists of a large number of self-schemas, organized into a coherent fashion
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the part of an individual's self concept that is present at any given time
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phenomenal self, working self concept or spontaneous self-concept
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Self-efficacy
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a person's belief in his or her ability to succeed in a particular situation
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Four sources of self-efficacy
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1. mastery experiences
2. social modeling 3. social persuasion 4. psychological responses |
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Self-serving bias
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occurs when people attribute their successes to internal or personal factors but attribute their failures to situational factors outside of their control; also known as "defensive attribution"
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Five types of self-serving bias
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1. self-serving attributions
2. unrealistic positive views about the self 3. unrealistic optimism 4. false consensus/false uniqueness 5. exaggerrated perceptions of control |
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Impression Management
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how we attempt to control the beliefs that other people have of us
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Self-Presentation Strategies
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1. Ingratiation
2. False-modesty 3. Intimidation 4. Supplication 5. Self-Handicapping |
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Dark Side of Self-Esteem
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people w/ inflated self-esteem will likely encounter failures or negative evaluations are more likely to react violently
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Triandis' 3 aspects of self"
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1. private self
2. collective self 3. public self |
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Individualistic Societies
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raise children to support diversity and self-expression; emphasize the private self
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Collectivist Societies
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raise children to conform to the group; emphasize the public and the collective self at the expense of the private self
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Independent Selfhood
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USA and Western European societies which emphasize autonomy and separateness
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Interdependent Selfhood
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Asia and African societies which view the self as fundamentally and essentially interconnected with other people
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Heider's Attribution Theory
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attributions are a 3 step process:
1. perception of the action 2. judgment of the action 3. attribution of disposition |
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Weiner's Attribution Theory
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studied college students; realized they attributed their successes & failures to:
1. locus 2. stability 3. responsibility |
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Kelley's Covariation Model
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assumes attributions we make are logical & accurate; three aspects
1. Consistency 2. Distinctiveness 3. Consensus |
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Jones & Davis' Correspondent Inference Theory
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we use the consequences of a person's behavior as a basis for inferring the person's intentions; deals only w/ attributions of a person, not to situational/external causes
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Perceptual Salience
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tendency to over-estimate the causal role (salience) of information we have available to us
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Anchoring & Adjusting
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we anchor on specific, known information about a given thing and then adjust to account for other elements
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Role of Culture with FAE
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1. US likely to attribute situation to dispositional factors b/c our culture emphasizes the individual
2. gestures,language may be interpreted differently among people of differing cultures 3. collectivist cultures may be less prone to committing |
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Diminished Self-Awareness
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an individuals become part of a group, their actions begin to require less though and personal values are less of a concern, can ultimately lead to deindividuation
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Priming
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activating parts of particular representations or associations in memory just before carrying out a task or action
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Availability Heuristics
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the case of remembering examples
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Representativeness Heuristic
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belief that things are random if they appear random
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Base-rate Fallacy
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tendency to ignore population statistics in favor of vivid case studies
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Illusory Correlation
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people tend to guide their theories, so in their lives they find people who fit them
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Self-fulfilling prophecy
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an expectation that causes the event to happen
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Confirmation Bias
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the tendency to ask questions that encourage responses that confirm our suspicions
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Belief Perserverance
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the tendency to hold onto beliefs all the more in the face of evidence to the contrary
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Ways to reduce dissonance
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1. change one of the dissonant elements
2. minimize the importance of one of the elements 3. generation of cognitions that would make two elements consistent |
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Self-Perception Theory (Bem)
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we develop our attitudes by observing our own behavior and concluding what attitudes must have caused them
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Self-Affirmation Theory (Steele)
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dissonance is the result of a violation of self-integrity; actions produce disonnance only when the behavior threatens one's moral and adaptive adequacy (similar to self-consistency theory)
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Foot in the Door Phenomenon
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strategy in which after one commits themselves to a position, one should be more willing to comply w/ requests for behaviors that are consistent w/ that position
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Compliance v. Acceptance
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compliance-outward behavior appears to adhere to the norms but are not internalized
acceptance-norms & outward behavior are internalized |
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Studies of Conformity
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1. Sherif's norm formation/autokinetic effect
2. Asch's line length study 3. Milgram's obedience study |
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Factors that affect Conformity
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1. Group Size
2. Group Cohesion 3. Unanimity 4. Group Status |
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Normative Influence
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one of the underlying mechanims that drives conformity, it occurs b/c people desire rewards that others control & assume that others are more likely to reward agreement than disagreement
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Informational Influence
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the other underlying mechanism of conformity, it occurs b/c people have a desire to ahve an accurate view of reality and assume that others are more likely to be accurate than they are
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Prejudice
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negative feelings towards persons based solely on their group memberships and is most commonly measured in the form of attitude surveys
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Ashmore's 4 Basic Points to Prejudice
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1. an intergroup phenomenon
2. negative orientations to the target 3. it's bad 4. an attitude |
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Contact Hypothesis
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1. the most extensively studied strategy for reducing intergroup hostilities
2. belief that the way to improve intergroup relations was to reduce ignorance by creating opportunities for contact btwn members of different groups |
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Four minimal conditions for Contact Hypothesis
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1. equal status among participants
2. cooperative, not competitive interaction 3. institutional support 4. relatively high level of intimacy in contact |
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Jigsaw Classroom
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(Aronson et al) cooperative technique which builds off of contact hypothesis; peer learning of children from multiethnic groups, teaching each other course material
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Realistic Group Conflict Theory
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holds that direct competition for valuable, limited resources is responsible for the development of prejudice
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Modern/Symbolic Racism
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expressed in the form of opposition to busing, affirmative action and other policies promoting racial equality
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Bandura's Social Learning Theory
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described that novel aggressive behaviors are learned through observation and imitation of aggressive models and how aggressive behaviors are maintained through social reinforcement
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Social Dilemma
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Arises when...
1. each person has an individually rational choice that when made by all members of a group, (2) provides a poorer outcome than if no members made a rational choice |
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Resolving Social Dilemmas
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1. Increasing communication
2. Enacting laws w/ punishment systems for those that don't cooperate 2. Group Size |
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Superordinate Goals
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goals that are achieved by the cooperation of two or more groups working together, who usually have goals in opposition
(Gaertner et al) |
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Misperception Between Groups
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1. FAE
2. self-serving bias 3. Group Polarization 4. Ingroup Bias 5. Outgroup Homogeneity |
