Social Psychology

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Social Perception

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A general term for the process by which people come to understand one another

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Nonverbal Behavior

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Behavior that reveals a person's feelings without words

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Attribution Theory

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A group of theories that describe how people explain the causes of behavior

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Personal Attribution

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Attribution to internal character of an actor, such as ability, personality, mood, or etc

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Situational Attribution

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Attribution to factors external to an actor, such as the task, other people, or luck

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Covariation Principle

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A principle of attribution theory holding that people attribute behavior to factors that are present when a behavior occurs and absent when it does not

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Consensus

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Do other people agree?

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Distinctiveness

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Does that person also believe that?

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Consistency

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Does that people always believe it?

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Personal Attribution

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Something about the stranger caused the behavior

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Stimulus Attribution

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Something about the stimulus caused the behavior

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Availability Heuristic

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The tendency to estimate the likelihood that an event will occur by how easily instances of it come to mind

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False-consensuc effect

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The tendency for people to overestimate the extent to which others share their opinions, attributions, and behavior

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Base-rate fallacy

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The finding that people are relatively insensitive to consensus information presented in form of numerical base rate

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Counterfactual Thinking

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A tendency to imagine alternative events or outcomes that might have occured but did not

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Fundamental Attribution Error

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The tendency to focus on the role of personal causes and underestimate the impact of situation on other people's behavior

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Actor-observer effect

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The tendency to attribute our own behavior to situational causes and the behavior of others to personal causes

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Belief in a just world

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The belief that individuals get what they deserve in life, an orientation that leads people to disparage victims

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Impression Formation

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The process of integrating information about a person to form a coherent impression

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Information Integration Theory

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The theory that impressions are based on (1) perceiver dispositions and (2) a weighted average of a target person's traits

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Priming

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The tendency for recently used words or ideas to come to mind easily and influence the interpretation of new information

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Implicit Personality Theory

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A network of assumptions people make about the relationships among traits and behavior

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Central Traits

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Traits that exert a powerful influence on overall impressions

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Primacy Effects

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The tendency for information presented early in a sequence to have more impact on impressions than information presented later

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Need for Closure

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A desire to reduce cognitive uncertainty, which heightens the importance of first impressions

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Confirmation Bias

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The tendency to seek, interpret, and create information that verifies existing beliefs

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Belief Perseverance

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The tendency to maintain beliefs even after they have been discredited

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Self-Fulfilling Prophecy

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The process by which one's expectations about a person eventually lead that person to behave in ways that confirm those expectations

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Self-Perception Theory

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The theory that when internal cues are difficult to interpret, people gain self-insight by observing their own behavior

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Facial Feedback Hypothesis

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The hypothesis that changes in facial expression can lead to corresponding changes in emotion

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Overjustification Effect

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The tendency for intrinsic motivation to diminish for activities that have become associated with reward or other extrinsic factors

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Attitude

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A positive, negative, or mixed reaction to a person, object, or idea

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Attitude Scale

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Questionnaire to measure a person's attitude

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Bogus Pipeline

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A phony lie-detector

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Facial Electromyograph (EMG)

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Records facial muscle activity

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Implicit Attitude

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An attitude one is not aware of

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Implicit Association Test

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A covert measure of unconscious attitudes by pairing two words

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Theory of Planned Behavior

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The theory that attitudes toward a specific behavior combine with subjective norms and perceived control to influence a person's actions

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Persuasion

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The process by which attitudes are changed

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Central Route to Persuasion

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Thinks about facts and arguments

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Peripheral Route of Persuasion

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Thinks about superficial cues

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Elaboration

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Thinking about and scrutinizing the arguments contained in a persuasive communication

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Sleeper Effect

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A delayed increase in the persuasive impact of a noncredible source

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Need for Cognition

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A personality variable that distinguishes people on the basis of how much they enjoy effortful cognitive activities

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High-NC

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Like to analyze situations, search for clues

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Low-NC

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Like peripheral cues, attractiveness, speaker's reputation, other's reactions

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Inoculation Hypothesis

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The idea that exposure to weak versions of a persuasive argument increases later resistance to that argument

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Psychological Reactance

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The theory that people react against threats to their freedom by asserting themselves and perceiving the threatened freedom as more attractive

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Cognitive Dissonance Theory

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The theory that holding inconsistent cognitions arouses psychological tension that people become motivated to reduce

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Insufficient Justification

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A condition in which people freely perform an attitude-discrepant behavior without receiving a large reward

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Insufficient Deterrence

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A condition in which people refrain from engaging in a desirable activity, even when only mild punishment is threatened

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Six Primary Facial Emotions

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Happiness,Fear, Sadness, Anger, Surprise, and Disgust

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Zero-acquaintance

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People accurately perceive a stranger's personality based on brief interaction

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Thin Slices

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Important outcomes can be predicted accurately from observing a few seconds of behavior

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Distancing Behavior

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Not smiling and looking away

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Holistic Thought

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Context or field as a while

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Analytic Thought

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Detachment of the object from the context

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Relative Judgment

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Line of same proportion

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Absolute Judgment

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Line of same length