Social Psychology

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hindsight bias

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tendency to exaggerate after learning an outcome, the degree to which one could have forseen how it would come out

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Social psychology is distinct from folk wisdom because…

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it is empirical

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methodology

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process of doing social psychology research

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hypotheses

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testable beliefs about the relationship between events

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BIRGing

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Basking In the Reflective Glory of others

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correlational studies

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studies of naturally occuring relationships

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experimental

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studies that examine cause-effect relationships by manipulating one or more factors

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direction problem

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what causes what?

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3rd variable problem

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2 variables can be related because they're both related to 3rd variable

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experimental method

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method for exploring causal relationship between 2 or more variable

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independent variable

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manipulated by researchers, the presumed cause of the change in other variable

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dependent variable

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the variable being measured by researchers, to see if change is dependent

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demand characteristics

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experimenter gives subtle cues to participants as to how to repond

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self-concept

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person's answer to the question "Who am I?", collection of beliefs we hold about who we are

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self-esteem

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person's overall self-evaluation or sense of self-worth

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self schemas

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beliefs about the self that organize the way we view ourselves and the world

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actual self

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self schema: person you are right now

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ideal self

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self schema: the self it is your goal to be

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ought self

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self schema: self it is your duty to be

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feared self

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self schema: self you fear becoming

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self-discrepancy theory

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view of self includes how the self schemas relate to each other, if your actual self does not meet a self-guide, we have a discrepancy, result in an emotional reaction

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actual vs. ideal

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reaction: sad

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actual vs. ought

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reaction: anxious

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actual vs. feared

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reaction: relief

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sources of self-concept

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responses from others, social comparisons, reflections from others, our culture

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looking glass self

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we view ourselves through eyes of others and incorporate their perceptions of us into our self-concept

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social comparisons

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we assess our qualities by comparing ourselves to others

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reflections from others

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how we view close others is important for how we view ourselves

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CORFing

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Cutting Off Reflective Failure of others

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Self-Evaluation Maintenance Theory

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If close other excels in unimportant activity, then we BIRG. If close other excels in personally relevant activity, then people feel envy

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Self-Evaluation Maintenance Theory outcomes

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distance self from person, decrease importance of activity, can lead to sabotage

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Western Cultures view of self

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independent, personal attributes, self is stable, goal is to be unique, promote own goals

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Non-Western view of self

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interdependent, group membership, self is flexible, goal is to belong, promote group goals

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locus of control

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degree outcomes are viewed internally controlled orexternally controlled

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internal locus of control

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take credit for success and failure, self as independent, have "can do" mentality

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extenal locus of control

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believe rewards and punishments occur independent of what they do (helplessness)

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learned helplessness

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when animals and people experience uncontrollable bad events, they tend to feel helpless and resigned (apathy)

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self-serving bias

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tendency to perceive oneself favorably, excuse failures, take credit for success, and consider self better than average

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false consensus

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overestimate commonality of our opinions and undesirable behavior

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false uniqueness

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tendency to underestimate the commonality of our abilities and desirable behaviors

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Barnum effect

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we accept as valid favorable descriptions of our personality that are generally true of everyone

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ultimate self-serving bias

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tend to see self as less self serving than others

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self-presentation

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through self-presentation we attempt to present who we are or who we want other people to believe we are to other people

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impression management

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occurs when we orchestrate a carefully designed presentation of the self to fit a particular goal or need

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self-monitoring

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being attuned to the way one presents oneself and adjusting behavior to create desired impression

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self handicapping

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process whereby people produce excuses for their performance

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overconfidence phenomenon

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tendency to overestimate the accuracy of one's belief

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confirmation bias

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tendency to searvh for information that confirms one's preconceptions

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heuristic

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a rule-of-thumb strategy that enables quick, efficient judgements

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representativeness heuristic

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presuming despite contrary odds that someone or something belongs to a particular group if resembling a typical member

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availability heuristic

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judging the likelihood of things in terms of their availability in memory, letter K

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counterfactual thinking

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imaging alternative scenarios and outcomes that might have happened, but didn't

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When do we go beyond heuristic?

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when motivated, as when others affect our outcome or when we are accountable

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self-fulfilling prophecy

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people's expectations lead them to act in ways that cause others to confirm their beliefs

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attitude

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favorable or unfavorable evaluative reaction toward something or someone, exhibited in one's beliefs, feelings, or intended behavior

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ABC's of attitudes

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Affect (feelings), Behavior, Cognition (thoughts)

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When do attitudes predict behavior?

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when attitude is specific to behavior, when attitudes are made salient

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foot-in-the-door phenomenon

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if people first agree to a small request, later they will comply with a larger request

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door-in-the-face phenomenon

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first making a very large request makes people more likely to agree to a small rquest

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norm of reciprocity

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we feel we should concede if other person did

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low-ball technique

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people who agree to small request will still comply when the requester "ups the anti"

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cognitive dissonance

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tension that arises when one is aware of two inconsistent cognitions, accounts for responses when people have well-defined attitudes

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self perception theory

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when we are unsure of our attitudes, we infer them by looking at our behavior, accounts for responses when people's attitudes are vague or ambiguous

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role

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set of norms that define how people in a given social position ought to behave