Social Psych Test 1

Front 1

social psychology

Back 1

scientific study of way in which peoples thoughts feelings, attitudes, and behaviors are influenced by social situations.

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social influence

Back 2

effect that words, actions, or mere prescence of other people have on our thoughts, feelings, attitudes, and behaviors.

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empiriacal questions

Back 3

answers that can be derived from experimitation or measurement rather than personal opinion.

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hypothesis

Back 4

idea about specific situations under which one outcome of the other would occur

Hint 4

educated guess

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individual differences

Back 5

aspect of peoples personalities that make them different from others.

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sociology

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looks at group at large. level of analysis is group or institution

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goal of sociology

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identify universal properties of human nature that make everyone susceptible to influence.

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the goal of sociology

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identify universal properties of human nature that make everyone susceptible to influence

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Fundamental attribution error

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tendency to explain behavior entirely in terms of personality traits and to underestimate the power of social influence.

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oversimplification

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used to blame the victim and call them flawed in the hopes the we ourselves would be incapable of such actions.

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Behaviorism

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When behavior is followed by reward it continues, when followed by punishment becomes extinguished.

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Construal

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The way people perceive, comprehend, and interpret the social world.

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Gesalt Psychology

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Study of the subjective way an object appears in a person's mind.

Hint 13

The whole is different from the sum of its parts.

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Kurt Lewin

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Founding father of modern experimental psychology.

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Naive realism

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Idea that all of us share that we perceive things "as they really are". If others see things differently then they are biased.

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Self-esteem

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People see themselves as good, competent, and decent.

Hint 16

People usually choose to distort the world in order to keep this at a high level.

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Social cognition

Back 17

The way human beings think about the world

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Self-fulfilling prophecy

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You expect you or another person will behave a certain way, so you act in ways to make your prediction come true.

Hint 18

ex. "That person is probably mean."

You are rude to them.

They are rude to you in return.

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Bystander affect

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When witnesses fail to help.

Hint 19

EX. Experiment with the people listening over intercom and other person has seizure.

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Hindsight bias

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People exaggerate how much they could have predicted the outcome after knowing how it occurred.

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Diffusion of responsibility

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Thoughts that it is someone else job to intervene.

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Like the time when the woman was murdered in front of an apartment complex.

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Observational Method

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Researcher observes people and records measurements or impressions of their behavior.

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Ethnography

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Attempt to understand group or culture by observing it from the inside with out imposing any preconceived notions they might have.

Hint 23

Chief method of cultural anthropology.

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Inter-judge reliability

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Level of agreement between two or more people who independently observe and code a set of data.

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Archival Analysis

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Researcher can examine accumulated documents, or archives of a culture.

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Correlational Method

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Two variables are systematically measured and the relationship between them is assessed.

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How much can you predict on from another.

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Correlational Coefficient

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Statistic that assesses how well you can predict on variable from another .

Hint 27

Can be positive and negative

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Experimental Method

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Researcher systematically orchestrates the event so that people experience it in ways or another way.

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Independent variable

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Variable that changes or varies to see if has effect on some other variable

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Dependent Variable

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Influenced by the level of the Independent variable

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Internal Validity

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Keeping everything but the IV the same in an experiment.

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Random Assignment to condition

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All participants have equal chance of taking part in any condition of an experiment

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Probability level

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Tells researchers how likely results of experiment occurred by chance and not because of IV.

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If less than .05 then significant

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External Validity

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Extent to which results of a study can be generalized to other situations and people.

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Psychological Realism

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Extent to which psychology processes triggered in an experiment similar to real life.

Hint 35

EX. The jail experiment done at a college

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Cover story

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Disguised version of the study's true purpose.

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Field experiments

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Study of behavior outside of laboratory, in its natural setting

Hint 37

Like your own experiment watching to see how many people open the door on campus.

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Replications

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Ultimate test of an experiment's external validity.

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Meta-analysis

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Averages results of two or more studies to see if effect of IV is reliable.

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Basic Research

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Best answer to the question of why people do what they do, for intellectual curiosity.

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Applied Research

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Geared toward solving a particular social problem.

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Cross-cultural Research

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Study of the effects of culture on social psychology.

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Evolutionary Psychology

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Explains social behavior in terms of genetic factors from natural selection.

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Informed consent

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Researcher explains nature of experiment and asks for permission to participate.

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Deception

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involves misleading participants about the true purpose of the study.

Hint 45

EX. the seizure study

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Institutional Review Board(IRB)

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Reviews research before it is conducted.

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Debriefing

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Explaining to participants the true nature of the experiment and what transpired.

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Social Cognition

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Ways people think about themselves and the social world. Also how they select, interpret, and use social information.

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Automatic Thinking

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Usually quick with unconscious, unintentional, involuntary, and effortless.

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Schemas

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Mental structures that organize our knowledge about the social world.

Hint 50

Can be people or events.

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Accessibility

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Extent to which schemas are at forefront of the mind and are likely to be used to make judgements.

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Priming

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Process by which recent experiences increase accessibility of a schema, trait, or concept .

Hint 52

Need to be both accessible and applicable.

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Reign of error

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People cite actual course of events as proof of being right.

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Judge mental Heuristics

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Mental shortcuts people use to make judgements quickly and efficiently.

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Availability Heuristic

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Basing a judgement on the ease with which it comes to mind.

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Representative Hueristic

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Classify something according to how similar it is to a typical case.

Hint 56

EX. From California so must like surfing.

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Base Rate Information

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Information about the relative frequency of members of different categories in the population.

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Analytic Thinking Style

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People focus on properties of objects without considering surrounding context.

Hint 58

EX. The experiment with the plane and the surrounding site.

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Holistic Thinking Style

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People focus on overall context, ways in which things relate to each other.

Hint 59

EX. The experiment with the plane and the surrounding site.

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Controlled Thinking

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Thinking that is conscious, intentional, voluntary, and effortful.

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Counterfactual thinking

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Mentally changing some aspect of the past as way of imagining what might have been.

Hint 61

EX. medalists survey

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Conterfactual reasoning

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Always dwelling on the past.

Hint 62

"If only I....."

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Rumination

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People repetitively focus on negative things in their lives.

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Overconfidence barrier

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People usually have too much confidence in the accuracy of their judgements.

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Social Perception

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The study of how we form impressions of other people and how we make inferences about them.

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Nonverbal Communication

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How people communicate, intentionally or unintentionally without words.

Hint 66

EX. Facial expressions, tone of voice, gestures, body position, movement, and touch.

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Encode

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Express/emit nonverbal behavior

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Decode

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Interpret meaning of nonverbal behavior other people express/encode.

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Universal emotions

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Fear, anger happiness, surprise, disgust, and sadness.

Sometimes pride and contempt.

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Affect blend

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One part of face registers one emotion while another registers a different emotion.

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Display rules

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Particular to each culture and dictate kinds of emotional expressions people are allowed to show.

Hint 71

EX. Japanese women do not show such a broad smile and eye contact is disrespectful.

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Emblems

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Nonverbal gestures that have well-understood definitions with in given culture.

Hint 72

EX.Middle finger in America, while in China is pinky finger.

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Implicit personality Theory

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Our ideas about what kinds of personality trait go together.

Hint 73

EX. Calling someone who is artistic bohemian while in China shi gu' is for a worldly person

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Attribution Theory

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Study of how we infer the causes of other people's behavior.

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Internal Attribution

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Inference that person is behaving a certain way because of something about them.

Hint 75

EX. They shoved me because they are a mean person.

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External Attribution

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Inference that person is behaving a certain way because of the situation he/she is in.

Hint 76

EX. They shoved me because there was a medical emergency.

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Covariation Model

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Examine multiple instances of behavior, occurring at different times and situations.

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Consensus information

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How other people behave toward the same stimulus.

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Distinctiveness Information

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How actor(person we are examining) responds to other stimuli.

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Consistency Information

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Frequency which observed behavior between some actor and some stimulus occur across time and circumstances.

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Fundamental Attribution Error

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Tendency to overestimate extent to which people's behavior is due to internal, dispositional factors, and to underestimate the role of situational factors.

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Perceptual Salience

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We pay attention to the person and think they alone are the cause of their behavior.

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Two-step process

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We make internal attribution... attempt to adjust but not enough.

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Self-serving Attributions

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Explanations for one's successes that credit internal, dispositional factors, and blame external situational for one's failures.

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Defensive Attributions

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Explanations for behavior that defend us from feeling of vulnerability and mortality.

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Bias Blind Spot

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When we think others are more susceptible to attributional biases than we are.

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Belief in a just world

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Assumption that people get what they deserve, and deserve what they get.