Social Psych Test 1

Front 1

pluralistic ignorance

Back 1

misperception of a group norm that results from observing people who are acting at variance with their private beliefs out of a concern for the social consequences - actions that reinforce the erroneous group norm.

"Anyone have questions?" Everyone is confused but no one asks because they think everyone else understands.

Front 2

flashbulb memories

Back 2

vivid recollections of the moment one learned some dramatic, emotionally charged news.

Front 3

sharpening

Back 3

emphasizing important or more interesting elements in telling a story to someone else

Front 4

leveling

Back 4

eliminating or deemphasizing seemingly less important details when telling a story to someone else

Front 5

primacy effect

Back 5

the disproportionate influence on judgement of information presented first in a body of evidence

Front 6

recency effect

Back 6

the disproportionate influence on judgement of information presented last in a body of evidence

Front 7

framing effect

Back 7

the influence on judgement resulting from the way information is presented, including the order of presentation

Front 8

confirmation bias

Back 8

the tendency to test a proposition by searching for evidence that would support it

Front 9

bottom-up processes

Back 9

"data-driven" mental processing, in which one takes in and forms conclusions on the basis of the stimuli encountered in one's experience

Front 10

top-down processes

Back 10

"theory-driven" mental processing, in which one filters and interprets new information in light of preexisting knowledge and expectations

Front 11

knowledge structures

Back 11

coherent configurations (known as schemas, scripts, frames, prototypes, or personae) in which related information is stored together

Front 12

schema

Back 12

a knowledge structure consisting of any organized body of stored information

Front 13

encoding

Back 13

filling information away in memory based on what information is attended to and the initial interpretation of the information

Front 14

schemas might influence memory by affecting the _____ of information

Back 14

encoding

schemas might affect what information a person attends to and how that information is initially interpreted

students watched videotape of husband and wife eating dinner. half the students were told that she was a librarian, and half were told she was a waitress. The things they remembered were based on stereotypes of the woman's job, not memory, such as: did the woman order beer or wine? did the woman get a history book or romance book for a present?

Front 15

subliminal

Back 15

below the threshold of conscious awareness

Front 16

heuristics

Back 16

intuitive mental operations that allow us to make a variety of judgements, quickly, and efficiently

Front 17

availability heuristic

Back 17

the process whereby judgements of frequency or probability are based on the ease with which pertinent instances are brought to mind

Front 18

representativeness heuristic

Back 18

the process whereby judgements of likelihood are based on assessments of similarity between individuals and group prototypes or between cause and effect

Front 19

fluency

Back 19

the feeling of ease associated with processing information

Front 20

base-rate information

Back 20

information about the relative frequency of events or of members of different categories in the population

Front 21

illusory correlation

Back 21

the belief that two variables are correlated when in fact they are not

Front 22

stereotypes

Back 22

beliefs that certain attributes are characteristic of members of particular groups

Front 23

prejudice

Back 23

a negative attitude or affective response toward a certain group and its individual members

Front 24

discrimination

Back 24

unfair treatment of members of a particular group based on their membership in that group

Front 25

implicit association test (IAT)

Back 25

technique for revealing nonconscious prejudices toward particular groups

Front 26

priming

Back 26

a procedure used to increase the accessibility of a concept or schema (such as a stereotype)

Front 27

realistic group conflict theory

Back 27

a theory that group conflict, prejudice, and discrimination are likely to arise over competition between groups for limited resources

Front 28

ethnocentrism

Back 28

glorifying one's own group while villifying other groups

Front 29

superordinate goals

Back 29

goals that transcend the interests of one individual group and that can be achieved more readily by two or more groups working together

Front 30

social identity theory

Back 30

a theory that a person's self concept and self esteem not only derive from personal identity and accomplishments, but form the status and accomplishments of the various groups to which the person belongs

Front 31

basking in reflected glory

Back 31

the tendency to take pride in the accomplishments of those with whom we are in some way associated (even if it is only weakly), as when fans identify with a winning team

Front 32

frustration-aggression theory

Back 32

the theory that frustration leads to aggression

blaring a horn at a nearby driver..more likely to vilify outgroups

Front 33

outgroup homogeneity effect

Back 33

the tendency to assume that within-group similarity is much stronger for outgroups than for ingroups

Front 34

self-fulfilling prophecy

Back 34

acting in a way that tends to produce the very behavior we expected in the first place, as when we act toward members of certain groups in ways that encourage the very behavior we expect from them.

Front 35

illusory correlation

Back 35

an erroneous belief about a connection between events, characteristics, or categories that are not in fact related

Front 36

paired distinctiveness

Back 36

the pairing of two distinctive events that stand out even more because they co-occur

such as : ?

Front 37

subtyping

Back 37

explaining away exceptions to a given stereotype by creating a subcategory of the stereotyped group that can be expected to differ from the group as a whole

Front 38

automatic processes

Back 38

processes that occur outside of our awareness, without conscious control

Front 39

controlled processes

Back 39

processes that occur with conscious direction and deliberate thought

Front 40

stereotype threat

Back 40

the fear that we will confirm the stereotypes that others have regarding some salient group of which we are a member

Front 41

prime

Back 41

to mentally activate a concept and hence make it accessible.

or a noun : a stimulus presented to activate a concept

Front 42

balance theory

Back 42

the theory that people to to maintain balance among their beliefs, cognitions, and sentiments

Front 43

cognitive dissonance theory

Back 43

the theory that inconsistencies between a person's thoughts, sentiments, and actions create an aversive emotional state (dissonance) that leads to efforts to restore consistency

Front 44

self-affirmation

Back 44

bolstering out identity and self-esteem by taking note of important elements of our identity, such as our important values