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34 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is Social Psych?
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The scientific study of how people think about, influence, and relate to one another.
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How is S.P. different than sociology or personality psych?
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Focus on psychological makeup of individuals AND psychological processes shared by most.
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What are the two major themes in S.P.?
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1.) People create their own realities (eg. "They saw a game"), all about construals
2.) Situations influence people's thoughts, feelings and behaviours (eg. food rationing during WWII) |
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What is correlational design? Advantages and disadvantages?
External vs. Internal validity. |
- real examples of behaviour in life (not labs.
- study variables you can't in labs - trade off between ext and internal. - internal = how much your IV causes your DV - external = can your results be generalized |
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Random sample v. random assignment
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Sample = every person in pop studied has equal chance of inclusion
Assignment = process of assigning participants to control groups randomly |
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Demand Characteristics
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Cues in an exp that tell the participant how to behave.
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Conceptual vs. Operational Definition (give example)
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Conceptual def = theoretical variables
Operational deg = specific procedures Ex. Does media violence affect aggression level? Test by showing 30 mins of Rambo and then seeing how many times kids hit eachother. |
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Self concept
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Answer to question, "who am i?"
Kids don't have it before two years old (eg. red dot on forehead test in front of mirror) 20 Questions test (I am _____) |
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Self-perception Theory
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inferring our feelings by observing our behaviour. (ex. I chose to smoke because I am smoking)
intrinsic and extrinsic motivation involved. |
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Overjustification Effect
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Forgetting intrinsic motivations due to extrinsic ones. (ex. hockey players getting paid like it less).
Countered with immunization (reminding one of the intrinsic reasons) |
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Looking-glass self
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We know ourselves through our perceptions of how others view us.
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Social comparison theory
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- Subject needs to be similar to you
- Objective standards lacking - Can be compared up or down |
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How does one know oneself?
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- introspection
- observations of self - through other people - through comparisons with others - through social identities |
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What is the self-esteem test and what are techniques to boost self-esteem?
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Tesser, Self-Evaluation Model (SEM)
- distance yourself, deflection, rationalization, sabotage |
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Self-serving bias?
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good outcomes caused by you, bad outcomes caused by external
Also: - Unrealistic optimism - False consensus - False uniqueness - Social comparison |
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Attribution theory & Fundamental attribution error
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Theory of how people explain the behaviour of others.
Dispositional or Situational Fund. Attr. Error - tendency to underestimate situational influences when looking at others. |
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Three factors of attribution.
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- Consensus
- Distinctiveness - Consistency |
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Representative heuristic
& Availability heuristic |
Representative heuristic: ignoring important info due to stereotype matching
Availability heuristic: judging likelihood of things based on their availability in the mind |
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Schema's
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Mental structures people use to organize knowledge.
Called scripts when dealing with specific situations (ex. first dates) |
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What factors determine schema use?
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- Availability (does the schema even exist?)
- Relevance (is it related to the to-be-remembered info?) - Accessibility (is it on your mind?) A) Chronic accessibility, B) Priming |
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Confirmation Biases (3 types)
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-Schemas can exist even after discredited.
-Confirmatory hypothesis testing (looking to support your preconceived notion) ex. political debates -Self fulfilling prophecy |
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3 Functions of attribution theory:
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- helps us predict
- helps us determines our behaviour - helps shape our expectations |
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3 different views on what we look for as cues for attributions:
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1. personal v. situational
2. When behaviour is socially undesirable, freely chosen and incongruent with one's role 3. Consistency, Distinctiveness, Consensus |
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Why are attribution biases more common in Western cultures?
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More individualistic, raised to believe in free choice and autonomy.
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Attidude definition
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favourable or unfavourable reaction towards something or someone, exhibited in thoughts, feelings or behaviours.
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3 Factors of Planned Behaviour:
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- Norms
- Control - Attitudes ex. exercise |
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When do attitudes predict actions?
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- When other influences are minimized
- When attitude is specific to action - When the attitude is potent) |
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What follows what? Attitude or behaviour?
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Attitudes follow behaviours!
ex. girl hypnotized tries to rationalize her weird behaviours. |
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Role
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a set of norms that define people in a given situation
affected by the "saying-becomes-believing" effect |
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Cognitive dissonance. Definition , when does it arise, how can it be reduced?
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Tension when one is aware of two inconsistent thoughts.
Free choice making, severe initiation, lying. Adding new cognitions, changing existing ones. |
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Insufficient justification
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Lowering of cognitive dissonance by internal justification.
Ex. lie for $20 v. lie for $1 |
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3 Factors that make up attitude:
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A - affective response
B - behaviour C - cognition |
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How do you measure attitude?
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- Guttman scale
- Semantic differentials - Likert-Type Scale (MOST USED) |
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What is the relationship between attitude and behaviour?
When does attitude predict behaviour? |
Attitude affects behaviour but only to a point.
General attitudes don't predict specific behaviours (ex. 251 anti-Chinese hotels visited) - Aggregates better than specifics - Outside influences minimized - Attitudes are strong |
