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56 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Norman Triplett?
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Conducted the first social psychology studies ... found that cyclists do better when paced by others than when performing alone. Shows the effects of social influence
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Fritz Heider? Founder of what two theories?
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Attribution theory -- we are always inferring the causes of others' behavior. We attrbiute emotions and intentions to just about anything
balance theory: explains why attitudes change as result of people's needs to maintain balance |
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Induced Compliance paradigm
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In Festinger and Carlsmith's classic 1959 experiment, students were asked to spend an hour on boring and tedious tasks (e.g., turning pegs a quarter turn, over and over again). The tasks were designed to generate a strong, negative attitude. Once the subjects had done this, the experimenters asked some of them to do a simple favor. They were asked to talk to another subject (actually an actor) and persuade them that the tasks were interesting and engaging. Some participants were paid $20 for this favor, another group was paid $1
When asked to rate the boring tasks at the conclusion of the study those in the $1 group rated them more positively than those in the $20 and control groups. researchers theorized that people experienced dissonance between the conflicting cognitions, When paid only $1, students were forced to internalize the attitude they were induced to express, because they had no other justification. Those in the $20 condition, however, had an obvious external justification for their behavior, an |
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Norman Triplett
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published first study of social psych investigating the effect of competition on performance. i.e. cyclists do better when competing against another person as opposed to racing by self.
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William McDougall
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published one of the first text books and social psychology very involved in eugenics
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Role Theory
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Perspective that people are aware of the social roles they are expected to fill and much of their observable behavior can be attributed to adopting those roles
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Consistency Theories
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hold that people prefer consistency and will change or resist changing attitude based on this preference. Inconsistencies are viewed as irritants and are often resolved by changing attitudes
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Balance theory
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created by Fritz Heider if people see a set of cognitive elements as being a system then they will have a preference to maintain a balanced state among these elements. In other words if we feel we are 'out of balance' then we are motivated to restore a position of balance. The felt discomfort at imbalance will increase with the strength of the attitude and the overall interest in the matter.
Balanced: P+O, P+X, O+X: Jim likes Jane Jim likes skiing Jane likes skiing. Unbalanced: P+O, P-X, O+X: Jim likes Jane Jim does not like skiing Jane likes skiing. |
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Consistency Theories
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hold that people prefer consistency and will change or resist changing attitude based on this preference. Inconsistencies are viewed as irritants and are often resolved by changing attitudes
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Balance theory
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created by Fritz Heider if people see a set of cognitive elements as being a system then they will have a preference to maintain a balanced state among these elements. In other words if we feel we are 'out of balance' then we are motivated to restore a position of balance. The felt discomfort at imbalance will increase with the strength of the attitude and the overall interest in the matter.
Balanced: P+O, P+X, O+X: Jim likes Jane Jim likes skiing Jane likes skiing. Unbalanced: P+O, P-X, O+X: Jim likes Jane Jim does not like skiing Jane likes skiing. |
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Cognitive Dissonance
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cognitive dissonance proposes that people have a motivational drive to reduce dissonance. (when there is a discrepancy between beliefs and behaviors) They do this by changing their attitudes, beliefs, and actions. Dissonance is also reduced by justifying, blaming, and denying.
Developed by Leon Festinger |
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Free Choice Dissonance
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occurs in a situation where a person makes a choice between several desirable alternatives the choice creates post-decisional dissonance because it limits the subject from interacting with one if the things he likes
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Spreading of alternatives
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process of justifying a choice and lessening dissonance, worth of the two alternatives is spread apart
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Forced compliance dissonance
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dissonance that occurs when a person is forced into behaving in a manner that is inconsistent with his or her beliefs.
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Self-Perception theory
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Developed by Daryl Bem people infer attitudes they hold based upon their own behavior I like bread because I eat it all the time * response to cognitive dissidence theory
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Overjustification effect
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if you reward someone for something they like doing they may stop liking it, because begin to attribute enjoyment to reward as opposed to actual internal motivation
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Carl Hovland’s model
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deals with attitude change as a process of communicating a message with the intent to persuade someone. Broke down persuasion into three components: 1 Communicator: person delivering message, 2 Communication: message delivered 3 situation surroundings message is being delivered in
Those with higher credibility would increase chances to change attitudes |
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Psychological innoculation
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people can be inoculated to persuasion by first exposing them to a weaker argument
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Belief Perseverance
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If you are induced to believe a statement and then provide your own explanation you will tend to believe the statement even after it has been proved false
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Reactance
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if you try to hard to persuade someone in a certain direction subject will believe opposite
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Social Comparison Theory
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Developed by Leon Festinger
1) people prefer to evaluate themselves by objective nonsocial means if not possible people evaluate themselves by comparing selves to others 2) Less similarity between people = less likely to compare selves 3) Tendency to move opinions so it resonates wit the group |
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Stanley Schachter
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greater anxiety leads to greater desire to affiliate view-point with others in the group
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Reciprocity hypothesis
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We tend to like people who indicate that they like us
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Gain Loss Principle
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developed by Araonson and Linder an evaluation that changes will have more of an impact than an evaluation that remains constant. We will like someone more if their like for us has increased. Oppositely we will dislike someone more if they suddenly start to dislike us.
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Social exchange theory
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assumes that a person weighs the rewards and cost of interacting with another the more rewarding interacting with a person is the greater attraction will result
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Equity theory
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we consider not only our cost reward but that of the other person as well. if perceive we are getting a raw deal out of relationship, creates instability in relationship.
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Bystander effect
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refers to cases where individuals do not offer any means of help in an emergency situation to the victim when other people are present.
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Diffusion of responsibility
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people don’t react to a situation because they believe other’s in a group will take responsibility for the need to react proposed by Darley and Latane
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mere exposure effect
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is a psychological phenomenon by which people tend to develop a preference for things merely because they are familiar with them developed by zajonc
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Social Influence
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the reaction of a subject to a situation is influenced by the reaction of those around the subject proposed by Darley and Latane
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Pluralistic Ignorance
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a situation where a majority of group members privately reject a norm, but assume (incorrectly) that most others accept it
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Solomon Asch’s famous study
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Line agreement. When the whole group said it was one size, when it clearly wasn't, about 1/3 agreed, even though it clearly wasn't
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Sherief’s Conformity study
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People's individual descriptions of the autokinetic effect (the apparent motion of a pin of light in a dark room) changed to meet a groups consensus when were added to a group of subjects
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Sleeper effect?
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What seems to be going on is this: people are convinced by the arguments until they see that the source of the message can't be trusted. But people don't tend to process the discounting cue very thoroughly. So, over time, people forget they discounted the information and the content of the persuasive message, which was processed thoroughly, does its devilish work.
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Milgram Study
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Fake electric shock Human’s are more prone to follow authority than care for peoples health
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Door in the face
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People who refuse a large initial request are more likely to agree to a later smaller request
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Clark and Clark Doll preference study
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why brown vs. board of education overturned
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Primary Effect
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when first impressions are more important than subsequent impressions
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Recency effect
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Most recent information is more important in forming our impressions
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Balance Theory -- Balance theory
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created by Fritz Heider if people see a set of cognitive elements as being a system then they will have a preference to maintain a balanced state among these elements. In other words if we feel we are 'out of balance' then we are motivated to restore a position of balance. The felt discomfort at imbalance will increase with the strength of the attitude and the overall interest in the matter.
Balanced: P+O, P+X, O+X: Jim likes Jane Jim likes skiing Jane likes skiing. Unbalanced: P+O, P-X, O+X: Jim likes Jane Jim does not like skiing Jane likes skiing. |
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Halo effect
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The tendency for a bias in evaluations of other people influences our general impressions of a person i.e. I like jill -> jill is a good writer
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Belief in a just world
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M J Lerner good things happen to good people
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Newcomb’s study
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people increasingly accept the norms of their community. i.e. if go to liberal school students will become liberal
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Edward hall Proxemics
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Cultural norms that govern how far away we stand from people we are speaking to.
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Social facilitation effect
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argues that the presence of others increases arousal and consequently enhances emission of dominant responses i.e. if person is learning to dance and people are around, he will more often do incorrect dance step conversely if people are around professional dancer, more likely to do correct dance step. Dominant response takes over
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Social Loafing
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the tendency for people to put forth less effort when part of a group effort than when part of an individual effort
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Philip Zimbardo on Anonymity
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stated that people are more likely to commit antisocial acts when they feel anonymous within a social environment
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Prison Simulation
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Philip Zimbardo experiment where students were either made guards or prisoner. Resulted in guards (fellow students) becoming authoritarian and abusive
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Deindividuation
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a loss of self awareness and personal identity
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Groupthink
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concept developed by irving Janis refers to the tendency of decision making groups to strive for consensus by not considering discordant information
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Risky Shift
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group decisions tend to be riskier than individual choices
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Kurt Lewin study
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divided leadership into three styles autocratic democratic and laissez-faire
Autocratic groups - were more hostile and more dependent on their leader Democratic groups – more cohesive and satisfying Laissez-faire – less satisfying less efficient |
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Robber’s Cave
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Muzafer Sherif Group conflict is most effectively overcome by the need for cooperative attention to a higher superordinate goal between two parties
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Superordinante goal
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goals best obtained through intergroup cooperation
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Attribution theory
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we are always inferring the causes of others' behavior. Attributions fall into two categories, dispositional and situational
dispositional: those that relate to features of the person whose behavior is being considered Situational: features that relate to the surroundings |
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elaboration likelihood model of pursuation
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in order for someone's attitude towards a certain idea, concept, or object to change, there are two routes: the central route, and the peripheral route. he central route: is characterised by considerable cognitive elaboration. It occurs when individuals focus in depth on the central features of the issue, person, or message.
Peripheral route: Rather than examining issue-relevant arguments, people examine the message quickly or focus on simple cues to help them decide whether to accept the position advocated in the message An attitude change via the central route will be much 'deeper' than one via the peripheral route |
