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48 Cards in this Set
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social psychologist
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the scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another
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ex. what caused us to join together against terrorists?
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attribution theory
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the theory that we explain someone's behavior by crediting either the situation or the person's behavior
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ex. someone failed a test because he's lazy or because he had a death in the family
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fundamental attribution error
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the tendency for observers when analyzing another's behavior to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition
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ex. falsely assuming someone failed a test because he's lazy. he actually had a major death in the family and is struggling with that.
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attitude
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feelings, often influenced by our beliefs, that predispose us to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events
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ex. my attitude toward dogs is negative, therefore I do not find dogs friendly like some people do
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central route persuasion
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attitude change path in which interested people focus on the arguments and respond with favorable thoughts
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ex. looking at the facts and research behind global warming in order to support it.
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peripheral route persuasion
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attitude change path in which people are influenced by incidental cues, such as a speaker's attractiveness
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ex. when obama endorses an add, then more people may like it because "obama likes it"
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foot-in-the-door phenomenon
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the tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request
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ex. "hey can you help me with homework for 10 minutes?" but when they need help for an hour you comply anyway.
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role
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a set of expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave
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ex. stanford prison experiment
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cognitive dissonance theory
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the theory that we act to reduce the discomfort (dissonance) that we feel when two of our thoughts (cognition) are inconsistent.
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ex. "if i chose to do it, i must believe in it." originally went to war bc of weapons, when weapons weren't found, went to war to support democracy
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chameleon effect
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unconsciously mimicking others' expressions, postures, and voice tones - helps us feel what they are feelings
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conformity
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adjusting ones behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard
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ex. wearing jeans because all your friends do.
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normative social influence
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influence resulting from a person's desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval
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ex. when five people before you answer the obvious wrong answer, you second guess yourself and answer that too because you don't want to feel left out
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informational social influence
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influence resulting from one's willingness to accept others' opinions about reality
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simply accepting others' opinions about reality. assume others are right and follow their lead.
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social facilitation
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stronger responses on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others
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ex. running faster at a track meet when you have people watching you
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social loafing
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the tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable
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ex. tug of war - don't pull as much in a group as alone
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deindividuation
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the loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity
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ex. KKK
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group polarization
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the enhancement of a group's prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group
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ex. mr. lerner's smart morning class vs. their annoying afternoon class. smart - become smarter, annoying - become more annoying ("dumber")
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groupthink
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the mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives
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ex. sending out the challenger even though it was projected to be too cold for launch.
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culture
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behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next
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ex. shared customs - chinese feet binding. etc. they change with the social dynamic.
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norms
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an understood rule for accepted and expected behavior. "proper"
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ex. social norms - wearing shoes in the house
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personal space
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the buffer zone we like to maintain around our bodies
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ex. when people get too close to you, they have invaded your personal space
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prejudice
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an unjustifiable (and usually negative) attitude toward a group and its members. generally involves stereotyped beliefs, negative feelings, and a predisposition to discriminatory action
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ex. being racist
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stereotypes
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a generalized (sometimes accurate but often overgeneralized) belief about a group of people
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ex. all black people are dumb (not true)
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discrimination
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unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group and its members
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ex. not letting someone sit at a table because he's black
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ingroup
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"us" people with whom we share our common identity
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ex. home team
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outgroup
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"them" - those perceived as different or apart from our ingroup
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ex. the away team
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ingroup bias
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the tendency to favor our own group
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ex. i like the home team better!
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scapegoat theory
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the theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame
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ex. "it wasn't our fault, the ___ kid did it, he's so insensible"
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other-race effect
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the tendency to recall faces of on's own race more accurately than faces of other races.
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ex. i can tell asians apart, but other people can't
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just-world phenomenon
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the tendency for people to believe the world is just and that people therefore get waht they deserve and deserve what they get
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ex. i'm REALLY sick - what did i do to deserve it?
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aggression
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any physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy
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ex. abuse
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frustration-aggression principle
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the principle that frustration- the blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal- creates anger, which can generate aggression
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ex. frustration causes anger, which causes aggression.
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mere exposure effect
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the phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them
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ex. you become friends with those who are close to you.
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passionate love
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an aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a love relationship
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ex. "honeymoon" stage
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companionate love
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the deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined
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ex. happy friendship - more enduring
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equity
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a condition in which people receive from ta relationship in proportion to what they give to it
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ex. give and take. share decision making, etc.
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self-disclosure
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revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others
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ex. sharing secrets
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altruism
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unselfish regard for the welfare of others
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ex. risking yourself for others
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bystander effect
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the tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present
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ex. baby locked up in car experiment (youtube)
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social exchange theory
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the theory that our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs.
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ex. weighing costs and benefits
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reciprocity norm
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an expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them
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karma
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social-responsibility norm
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an expectation that people will help those dependent upon them
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ex. expectation that you will give back later.
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conflict
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a perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas
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ex. things not matching up/working out
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social traps
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a situation in which the conflicting parties, by each rationally pursuing their self-interest, become caught in mutually destructive behavior
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ex. the grid - choose a or b
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mirror-image perceptions
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mutual views often held by conflicting people, as when each side sees itself as ethical and peaceful and views the other side as evil and aggressive
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ex. each side thinks they're right
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self-fulfilling prophecies
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a belief that leads to its own fulfillment
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ex. media tailors toward the audience - "the war is evil" they want to see that it is evil, so the media shows it is, and therefore confirms their self-fulfilling prophecy
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superordinate goals
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shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation
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ex. 9/11. brought all of america together.
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GRIT
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graduated and reciprocated initiatives in tension-reduction - a strategy designed to decrease international tension
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ex. mutual interests. increasing trust between countries.
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