Social Psy For Test 1

Front 1

Law 1

Back 1

Situation matters; all aspects of the situation

Front 2

Social rules for the bx that we are to follow; society; groups; cultures define this

Back 2

Norms

Front 3

Rules written down: laws/ standard operating procedures

Back 3

Explicit Norms

Front 4

Speed Limits, cell phones in this class are examples of...

Back 4

Explicit Norms

Front 5

Rules that are not written down but are still expected to be followed

Back 5

Implicit Norms

Front 6

Guys giving up seat for elderly women, sitting arrangements for class without a seating chart are examples of...

Back 6

Implicit Norms

Front 7

Law 2

Back 7

The brain likes it easy

Front 8

We are cognitive ______because we want to conserve our cognitive energy by spending the least amount of effort thinking about other people.

Back 8

Misers

Front 9

Implicit rules vs. Explicit rules: Which ones are easier?

Back 9

Implicit because we don't have to learn them

Front 10

Norm for raising hand in high school and not college or wearing clothes at a nakes beach are all examples of....

Back 10

Norms for one situation isn't the same for another situation

Front 11

Social positions governed by norms; these can clash; i.e. mother, coach, wife, friend...

Back 11

Roles

Front 12

____ did a prison study that showed there was a powerful effects on the norms of people and the roles they had

Back 12

Zimbardo

Front 13

Aspect of Situation
____ is an example of social seting; changes how you feel and act; a lot of research behind this

Back 13

Other people

Front 14

Aspect of Situation
____ is an example of how you can change how poeple are thinking

Back 14

Cognitive process

Front 15

Aspect of Situation
____ is like of heat and noise

Back 15

Environmental Variables

Front 16

Aspect of Situation
____ is like nude beaches

Back 16

Cultural Context

Front 17

Aspect of Situation
____ is an example of evolutionary; what we do has a purpose; like being afriad of things that hurt keeps us alive

Back 17

Biological factors

Front 18

Statement of relationship or series of events; is not necessarily a cause

Back 18

Hypothesis

Front 19

Constructs that vary in magnititue or type

Back 19

Variable

Front 20

"cause"; manipulated; experimenter has chosen the amount; must be randomized

Back 20

I.V.

Front 21

Something that a person brings with them; can't be assigned like gender, personality, race, age...

Back 21

SSG or subject selection or grouping

Front 22

If it is not an I.V. can't say _______

Back 22

that there is a causal relationship

Front 23

Measureded; "effect"; outcomes

Back 23

D.V.

Front 24

All variables that aren't I.V., D.V., or SSG; key is control these

Back 24

External variable

Front 25

This has an increased control over the variables; problem is that is it contrived so not authentic

Back 25

Lab

Front 26

Advantage over realism; studying where whatever occurs; disadv is that there is a lack of control

Back 26

Field

Front 27

Statistic; Nonexperimental; there is only a trend, no guarentees

Back 27

Correlational

Front 28

Correlational: Type/direction
1. _____ scores move together
2. _____ scores move in opposite direction
3. ____ are not related

Back 28

1. Positive
2. Negative
3. No correlation

Front 29

Correlational: Strength/Magnititude
* closer it is to any endpoint = _______

Back 29

Stronger correlation so:
-.81, +.62 and -.35, -.81 is the strongers; -1.00 to 1.00

Front 30

The size of the coefficent allows you to ________

Back 30

Compare the relationship

Front 31

Correlational: Causation; you CANNOT infer causation from correlation

Back 31

A--->B effort causes performance
B--->A Preformance causes effort
C--->A & B MOtivation causes preformance and effort

Front 32

Method of choice; can determine causation; biggest advantage; have true I.V.

Back 32

Experimental method

Front 33

Has to do with picking population and sample

Back 33

Random Selection

Front 34

_____ are individuals who are to be represented by data; want to be able to generalize to these poeple; like MLB team

Back 34

Population

Front 35

Those individuals who you actually test; like few MLB players

Back 35

Sample

Front 36

When sample gets placed in study by chance

Back 36

Random assignment; the groups must be equal as possible

Front 37

Group with no IV

Back 37

Control group

Front 38

Group that gets the I.V.

Back 38

Experimental group

Front 39

Group that gets the subsitute for the I.V.; group that does the action without the actual I.V.; i.e. snorting a line of chalk and not cocain... was it the snoring or the cocain.. now we can tell

Back 39

Placebo

Front 40

ways of defining contructs or variables in research

Back 40

Operational Defination

Front 41

Reason we operationally define the D.V.

Back 41

b/c we need to be able to know what it is being measured and how we are measuring it

Front 42

Reason we operationally define the I.V.

Back 42

Not everyone sees this as the same think like "cold", "hot" young/ old

Front 43

Sometimes we need to define this operationally, but with things like gender, we don't

Back 43

Subject variables

Front 44

This does not need to be operationally defined

Back 44

External

Front 45

Labs lack what happens in the real world

Back 45

Realism

Front 46

what happens in labs happen in the real world; we don't care about this is social phych.

Back 46

Mundane Realism

Front 47

Extent to which the study was involving and interesting to the subject; where they really impacted?; this is very important to social phych; does is all matter?

Back 47

Experimental realism

Front 48

Problem with research:
Experimenter sets up experiment so that subjects already know whats being studied; like in the title or were told

Back 48

Demand characteritic/ Hawthorne effect

Front 49

Problems with research: unconscience bias that the researcher infers; ambiguous; info is made to be consistant with the reserach

Back 49

Experimental Bias

Front 50

Problem with research: Subject/ researcher is blind to experiment; can either higher a reseracher assistant or can do the experiement where they don't know the hypothesis

Back 50

Double-blind technique

Front 51

Manner in which we interpret, analyze, remember and use information about our social workld

Back 51

Social cognition

Front 52

Mental representations centered around specific themes; use this to organize our thinking; like a mental picuture/ idea we have about something

Back 52

Schemas

Front 53

Schemas play a huge role in influencing social thought by: ____ or seeking out info that matches what we already think b/c brain likes it easy; look to _____ to thinkgs that match schema

Back 53

Attention / attend

Front 54

Schemas play a huge role in influencing social thought by: _____ or storing info that we attend to; so we do this to what already matches our schema

Back 54

Encoding

Front 55

Schemas play a huge role in influencing social thought by: _____ b/c people do this with schema consistant info; very resistance to chance the schemia thus _____

Back 55

Retrieval

Front 56

Hard to change 1st impression is an example of _______

Back 56

Perserverance Effect

Front 57

Perserverence Effect and ______ which states that expect things to happen b/c of schema and then we do those things b/c of schema

Back 57

Self-fulfilling prophecy

Front 58

Law 3

Back 58

Limited cognitive capacity- can't multitask very well, however asked to do this in real world

Front 59

Things that guide thinking with out a lot of cognitive effort; like birds of a feather flock together

Back 59

Heurisitics

Front 60

The more similar individual is to group the more likely to believe that they are a member of that group; like sterotyping

Back 60

Representativeness Heuristic

Front 61

The more info. that is readilly available like your 1st kiss vs. 10th kiss

Back 61

Availability Heuristic

Front 62

When you have done schema so many times, you don't even think about it

Back 62

Automatic process

Front 63

Can cue thinking; i.e. scary movie = hard to get in car

Back 63

Primary effect

Front 64

Will show greater _____ to negative cognition than positive cognition

Back 64

Sensitivity

Front 65

Want things to be better than they are

Back 65

Optimistic bias

Front 66

Thinking you can do more than you can really do; when you make list

Back 66

Planning Falicy

Front 67

Evaluation of some aspect of your world

Back 67

Attitude

Front 68

Positive Evaluation

Back 68

Positive attitude

Front 69

Negative Evaluation

Back 69

Neg attitude

Front 70

Do not really care one way or another; + and - parts are balanced; "I don't know" or 1/2 and 1/2

Back 70

Ambivalant Attitude

Front 71

Attitudes don't have to have all three componts A,B,C because...

Back 71

Affective, Bx and Cognition; if you feel ambivalant, about something

Front 72

LaPiare- 1934; Do attitudes predict bx?

Back 72

His study concluded that yes it does

Front 73

Kraus; 1995; meta-analysis or combonation of data study; Does attitude predict bx

Back 73

"Yes, but not nearly as well as one may assume."

Front 74

When measuring real attitudes by questioneers, the purpose is to...

Back 74

Make the link stonger b/w attitude and bx

Front 75

When people lied on questioneers

Back 75

Bogus Pipeline

Front 76

Make the link stonger by:
Can't measure attitude about something differnt than what you say its going to be about; i.e. say doing a study on attitude about TV sports and really do a study about Superbowl

Back 76

Attitude Specificity

Front 77

Make the link stonger by: sometimes you can't do the bx b/c of other influences; would you if you could?

Back 77

Minimizing other influences

Front 78

Make the link stonger by: Requrie an attitude b/c of somethign that has happened to you

Back 78

Direct experience

Front 79

Make the link stonger by: does it matter to you? If it does, attitude will result in a bx responce

Back 79

Vested Interest

Front 80

Make the link stonger by: Consciencly aware of attitude will increase bx

Back 80

Bring the attitude to mind

Front 81

Make the link stonger by: Bringing the attitude to mind by
1. "think about it"
2. Indirectly through...

Back 81

1. Can remind people of attitude
2. Self-awareness; increased self awareness is increasing the level of attitude

Front 82

Festinger: Does Bx perdict attitude

Back 82

Cognitive Dissonance

Front 83

We want ______ so that attitude and bx match up

Back 83

Cognitive Consistance

Front 84

Inconsistancy of Cognitive feeling b/w attiude and bx

Back 84

Cognitive Dissonance

Front 85

Cognitive Dissonance ----> _____ -----> ______

Back 85

Attitude and bx not matching us ----> Negative tention or unwanted arousal -----> chancing either bx or attitude, but usually attitude

Front 86

Attitude is usually chanced to equalize cognitive dissonce b/c
1. It is usually ____ to change attitude
2. Sometimes you can't change the _____

Back 86

Attitude
Bx

Front 87

Experiement that asked "what do you feel about the tasks you just completed" then gave nothing, $1 and $20 to group.

Back 87

Insufficient Justification ($1) therefore cognitive dissonance
Sufficient Justification ($20) which means no cognitive dissonance

Front 88

Study where girls where asked to join a group and do nothing, some sexual terms and many sexual terms

Back 88

Effort Justification
G2 (some sexual terms) said that they liked the project some
G3 (a lot of sexual terms) siad that they loved the project

Front 89

WHen given the choice b/w two things, and feel that they are equal, you feel the strongest about the one you choose; i.e. choosing the iron over the toaster = iron is better, even if you rated them about the same before choosing them

Back 89

Post-Decision Dissonance

Front 90

Other methods of reducing dissonance:
"I don't care"

Back 90

Can trivilize the incosistance

Front 91

Other methods of reducing dissonance: Done to justify the inconsistancy

Back 91

Gather information

Front 92

Other methods of reducing dissonance: Limited cognitive capacity; why you do things when you are drunk that you wouldn't do sober

Back 92

Take mind off arousal

Front 93

In choice vs. nonchoice group for counterattitual essay done in '74 by Cooper and Zanna; the _____ group had dissonance

Back 93

Choice group

Front 94

Out of the 3 choice groups for Cooper and Zanna study, group told ______ had the most amt of dissonance

Back 94

that pill will make you relaxed b/c they felt as though they had to change the most in order to make cognitive consistancy

Front 95

Was arousal that is induced from dissonance actually unwanted? Work done by______

Back 95

Elliot and Devine '94; Yes it is unwanted; realized this b/c group 1 was told to write essay, rate feelings and report attitude ( most neg attitude b/c they were still experiencing dissonance), but group two had already reported neg attitude

Front 96

Effort full of attempts to change people's attitude

Back 96

Persuassion

Front 97

Influence of Persuader: If we think that they are _____

Back 97

Credibile

Front 98

Influence of Persuader: One who doesn't argue for position that is against person gain

Back 98

Trustworthiness

Front 99

Influence of Persuader: The people who are giving it

Back 99

Attractive Source : can be good or bad (product could suck)

Front 100

Influence of Persuader: Individuals with whom we are connected in some way

Back 100

Similarity

Front 101

Influence of noncrediable source gain in strength b/c we forget who said it over time

Back 101

Sleeper Effect

Front 102

What it said: The message; the gap/differnece b/w what individual thinks and what the message is saying; worst vs. best

Back 102

Discrepancy

Front 103

What it said: The message can be:
One sided _______
Two sided ________

Back 103

Arguments:
One sided: just want them to hear what you have to say; good points only
Two sided: tell them the good and the bad

Front 104

Discrepancy depends on_______

Back 104

the credibility of the source; i.e. Dr. Wann talking about Sport Psy and the guy at McDonalds talking about Sport Psy.

Front 105

What it said: The message;
_____ or memory for thing we just heard
_____ Last info that we hear

Back 105

Primacy effect
Recency effect

Front 106

If you warn the target or population about the persuasion methods, will decreased its effects b/c cognitive capacity is limited

Back 106

Counteragruments: like taking kids to car event will distract your thinking

Front 107

One sided agruments are good when _______ but two sided arguments are good when _______

Back 107

the person is close to the decision anyway; if a person is not close to decision at all, will help gain trustworthiness b/c you are not telling them the all good

Front 108

Primacy effect is good when ______, but recency effect is good when _______

Back 108

There is very little time b/w the first and last thing said; there is a lot of time b/w the first and last thing said

Front 109

Desire to maintain our freedom of choice

Back 109

Reactance

Front 110

WHen you want to have an apple pie, but they don't have one, then clearly cherry pie was a better choice

Back 110

First reactance (freedome was taken away) then dessonance

Front 111

Resisting Persuasion; Reactance was done by

Back 111

Brehm in '66