Soci 205 Chapter 1

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sociological perspective

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stresses the social contexts in which people live. it examines how these contexts influence people's lives. grasp the connection between history and biography

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society

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a group of people who share a culture and territory

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social location

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the corners in life that people occupy because of where they are located in a society

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biography

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individual's specific experiences/not innate/external influences

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science

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requires the development of theories that can be tested by research

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positivism

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proposed by Comte. idea of applying the scientific method to the social world. comte thought that sociology should guide social reform

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sociology

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the study of society

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armchair philosophy

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drawing conclusions from informal observations of social life, not research

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Herbert Spencer

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disagreed with comte about sociology reforming society. he said that societies should form naturally

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class conflict

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proposed by Marx. there are 2 classes-the bourgeoisie (capitalists) and the proletariat (workers) are locked in conflict. this struggle can only end when the workers revolt and make a classless society

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Emile Durkheim

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got sociology recognized as a separate academic discipline

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social integration

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the degree to which people are tied to their social group

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Max Weber

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disagreed with marx's claim that economics is the central force in social change, and that it is instead religion. coined "protestant ethic" and "spirit of capitalism"

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Where were the first departments of sociology?

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U Kansas, U Chicago, Atlanta U

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Harriet Martineau

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translated conte's ideas into english

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Jane Addams

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cofounded Hull-House-place for people who needed refuge

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W.E.B. Du Bois

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first black to get a doctorate at Harvard/founded the NAACP

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Talcott Parsons

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developed abstract models of society that greatly influenced a generation of sociologists

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C. Wright Mills

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urged to get back to social reform

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basic (pure) sociology

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believe their proper role is to analyze some aspect of society and to publish their findings in a journal

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applied sociology

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uses sociology to solve problems

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theory

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a general statement about how parts of the world fit together and how they work

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symbolic interactionism

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individuals evaluate their own conduct by comparing themselves with others/how people use symbols to develop their views of the world and to communicate with one another/ these sociologists look at changing ideas (symbols)

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functional analysis

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society is a whole unit; it is made up of interrelated parts that work together. functionalists say that we need to look at both structure (how the parts of a society fit together to make the whole) and function (what each part does, how it contributes to society)

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Robert Merton

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used the term functions to refer to the beneficial consequences of people's actions. keep a society in equilibrium

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manifest function

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if an action is intended to help some part of a system

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latent function

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unintended consequences that help a system adjust

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latent dysfunction

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unintended consequences that hurt the system

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conflict theory

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key to human history is class conflct

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macro level

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what functionalists at conflict theorists focus on-examine large scale patterns of society

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micro level

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what symbolic interactionists focus on/ what people do when they are in one another's presence

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nonverbal interaction

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gestures, silence, use of space

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What are the steps in the research model?

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1. Select a topic
2. Define the problem
3. review the literature
4. form a hypothesis
5. choose a research method
6. collect the data
7. analyze the results
8. share the results

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variables

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factors that vary or change

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operational definitions

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precise ways to measure the variables

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research method

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the means by which you collect your data

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validity

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your operational definitions must measure what they are intended to measure

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reliability

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if other researchers use your operational definitions, their findings will be consistent with yours

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survey

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asking people a series of questions

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population

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the target group that you are going to study

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sample

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individuals from among your target population

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respondents

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when giving a survey your question must allow these-they allow people to express their own opinions

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closed-ended questions

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followed by a list of possible answers/ these can miss the respondent's opinions

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open-ended questions

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allow people to answer the question in their own words/ make it difficult to compare answers

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rapport

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a feeling of trust with your respondents

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participant observation/ fieldwork

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the researcher participates in a research setting while observing what is happening in that setting

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secondary analysis

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analyze data that someone else has already collected

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documents

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written sources

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unobtrusive measures

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observing the behavior of people who do not know they are being studied

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value free

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a sociologist's values-beliefs about what is good and worthwhile in life-should not affect research. they should be neutral and objective

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replication

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the repetition of a study by other researcher to compare results