Soci 205 Chapter 2

Front 1

culture

Back 1

the language, beliefs, values, norms, behaviors, and even material objects that are passed from one generation to the next

Front 2

material culture

Back 2

such things as jewelry, art, utensils

Front 3

non-material culture

Back 3

group's way of thinking...beliefs, values

Front 4

culture shock

Back 4

disorientation in another culture

Front 5

ethnocentrism

Back 5

a tendency to use our own group's ways of doing things as the yardstick for judging others
-it creates in-group loyalties, but it can lead to discrimination against people whose ways differ from ours

Front 6

cultural relativism

Back 6

trying to understand a culture on its own terms

Front 7

symbolic culture

Back 7

non-material culture
-central component is the symbols that people use

Front 8

symbol

Back 8

something to which people attach meaning and that they then use to communicate with one another (gestures, languages, gestures)

Front 9

gestures

Back 9

using one's body to communicate with others

Front 10

language

Back 10

symbols that can be strung together in an infinite number of ways for the purpose of communicating abstract thought

Front 11

Sapir-Whorf hypothesis

Back 11

indicates that rather than objects and events forcing themselves onto our consciousness, it is our language that determines our consciousness, and hence our perception of objects and events

Front 12

values

Back 12

culture's ideas of what is desirable in life

Front 13

norms

Back 13

society's rules of behavior

Front 14

sanctions

Back 14

reactions people get for following or breaking norms

Front 15

moral holiday

Back 15

relieve the pressure of norms-Mardi Gras

Front 16

folkways

Back 16

norms that are not strictly enforced
-we expect people to comply with folkways, but don't make a big deal about it if they don't

Front 17

mores

Back 17

essential to our core values and we insist on conformity
-more serious if broken

Front 18

taboo

Back 18

a norm so strongly ingrained that even the thought of its violation is greeted with revulsion

Front 19

subculture

Back 19

a world within the larger world of the dominant culture. consist of people whose experiences have led them to have a distinctive way of looking at life

Front 20

counterculture

Back 20

some of the group's values and norms place it at odds with the dominant culture

Front 21

pluralistic society

Back 21

made up of many different groups

Front 22

What are the U.S. values?

Back 22

achievement and success, individualism, activity and work, efficiency and practicality, science and technology, progress, material comfort, humanitarianism, freedom, democracy, equality, racism and group superiority, education, religiosity, romantic love

Front 23

value clusters

Back 23

values are not independent units; some cluster together to form a larger whole

Front 24

value contradiction

Back 24

the value of a group superiority contradicts freedom, democracy, and equality

Front 25

What are some emerging U.S. values?

Back 25

leisure, self-fulfillment, physical fitness, youthfulness, concern for the environment

Front 26

ideal culture

Back 26

values, norms, and goals that a group considers idea, worth aspiring to

Front 27

real culture

Back 27

what people actually do usually falls below the ideal. the norms that people actually follow

Front 28

technology

Back 28

can be equated with tools, skills, or procedures necessary to make tools

Front 29

new technology

Back 29

an emerging technology that has a significant impact on social likfe

Front 30

cultural diffusion

Back 30

when cultures come into contact; change in their technology or material culture

Front 31

cultural leveling

Back 31

travel and communication are now uniting the world. cultures become more similar to one another