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80 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Social Networks |
micro-level contacts and echanges between individuals and other individuals, small groups, and large (even global) organizations. -Network links can be casual and personal or based on official positions and channels -Networks consist of nodes and ties. |
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Social Interaction |
1. It involves an action on the part of two or more individuals. 2. It has a common goal that people hope to achieve. 3. It takes place in a social context. |
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Social distance in US |
Intimate 0 - 18" Personal 18" - 4' Social 4' - 12' public 12' < |
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Dramaturgy |
the study of social life from the framework that life is similar to a play or a drama on stage, with scripts, props, and scenes to be played. |
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Assumptions of dramaturgical analysts |
1. We create an impression for our audience through the play 2. Individuals learn new lines to add to their scripts through socialization 3. Individuals perform scripts for social audiences to maintain certain images, much like the actors in a play. 4. Individuals use props as visible symbols to create or reinforce their roles. 5. individuals perform according to the society's script for the situation |
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Characteristics of Groups |
two or more people who interact with one another because of shared/common interests, goals, experiences, and needs. |
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3 steps in formation of groups |
1. Initial interaction between potential members 2. A collective goal emerges. 3. Groups attempt to expand their collective goals by building membership and pursuing new goals. |
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Durkheim's key finding on suicide |
the degree to which an individual is integrated into the group or the extent of social bonds with others can predict suicide. |
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4 types of suicide |
1. Anomic (not enough regulation, consistency) 2. Altruistic (too much integration) 3. Fatalistic (too much regulation, consistency) 4. Egotistic (not enough integration, consistency) |
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Primary groups characteristics |
(lead to lasting personal relationships) 1. Strong sense of belonging and shared identity in primary groups. 2. Members also have a strong sense of loyalty to the group. 3. Individuals allow the primary group's expectations to influence the activities they choose to pursue. 4. Belonging is the main reason for membership (vs. accomplishing) |
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Secondary groups characteristics |
(formal, impersonal, businesslike relationships) 1. Large membership base 2. Task oriented 3. Relationships based on accomplishing the required tasks and achieving the goals of the group. 4. Clear division of labor exists 5. Members use specialized communication to interact with one another 6. Membership can be short-term or long lasting. |
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Rationalization of social life |
the attempt to maximize efficiency by creating rules and procedures focused solely on accomplishing goals. |
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Webers Ideal-type bureaucracy |
1. Division of labor based on technical competence. 2. Administrative hierarchy 3. formal rules and regulation 4. Impersonal relationships 5. Emphasis on rationality and efficiency |
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Issues in bureaucracies |
1. Professionals may face conflicting loyalties to their profession versus the bureaucratic organization in which they are employed 2. Alienation, feeling uninvolved, uncommitted, unappreciated, and unconnected, from boring routine 3. Oligarchy is created with hierarchical system 4. goal displacement - original motives or goals are displaced by new, secondary goals that become primary. |
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The iron law of oligarchy |
Robert Michels' term for the idea that power becomes concentrated in the hands of a small group of leaders in political, business, voluntary, and other organizations. |
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Goal displacement |
Original motives or goals of the organization are displaced by new, secondary goals that become primary. |
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DEVIANCE AND SOCIAL CONTROL |
next |
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Deviance and 3 characteristics |
(violation of social norms) 1. deviance is socially constructed 2. acts may be deviant in one time and place but not in others 3. a group or status may be defined as deviant |
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Deviance and self-fulfilling prophecy |
Labeling leads to deviance through self-fulfilling prophecy |
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How crime is measured |
Uniform crime reports self-reported criminal participation surveys self-reported victimization surveys |
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type 1 and type 2 crimes |
type 1. Murder, rape, robbery, aggravated assault, burglary, larceny theft, motor vehicle theft, arson. type 2. fraud, simple assault, vandalism, DUI, running away from home, etc. |
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Hate crimes |
criminal offenses motivated by the offender's bias against a particular social group. |
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occupational crime types (4) |
Crimes against companies (employee theft) Crimes against employees (wage theft) Crimes against consumers Crimes against public |
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Organized crime |
On-going criminal enterprises that aim to obtain personal economic gain through illegitimate means
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Organized crime (characteristics) |
- Hierarchically organized, rely on violence, corruption - Prominent in societies undergoing transition and/ or anomie, and among marginalized groups - Activities include sale of illegal goods and services; infiltrating legitimate businesses; extortion - Transnational organized crime takes place across borders and is an increasing problem |
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Organized crime (history) |
1. secret societies (illuminati - not technically criminal, but their actions are not public record) 2. Italian mafia, russian mafia, yakuza Prohibition era gave rise to organized crime in the U.S. |
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Crime Rates cross-nationally |
vary across societies due to 1. difference cultural values 2. Different levels & causes of economic inequality 3. Variations in overall economic health |
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Police (Weitzer) |
-Shaky public confidence -Police subculture solutions -racial diversification |
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Public opinion on police diversity |
2/3 of americans believe that police department should reflect the racial and ethnic composition of their city, but significantly fewer feel that there should be preferential hiring |
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Purpose of Prisons: functionalist perspective vs. empirical reality (recidivism rate) |
Functional perspective: -revenge or retribution -removing dangerous people from society -deterrence -rehabilitation recidivism rate is high -more than half of all men who do time in prison will be confined again for crime -suggests deterrence and rehab functions are not working well |
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The Death Penalty |
-most controversial method -it may deter from committing of crime -most common in asia, middle east, and parts of africa -evidence that death penalty is race and class biased maryland became 18th state in 2013 to abolish it |
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Measuring social class |
-income -education -occupation (type, status in) -socioeconomic status |
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Capital |
Property, power, and prestige are accorded to individuals with cultural capital: knowledge and access to important info social capital: networks with others who have influence. Individual qualities also influence cultural and social capital |
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meso- and macro-level influence on class stratification |
meso- access to resources -individual status is shaped by resources and reinforced by family through socialization -our treatment by educational, religious, political, and other institutions often depends on our status, and also reinforces it -our experiences of life are shaped by our status |
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Macro level stratification |
Economic systems and resources with a particular country Position of that country within world systems of economic stratification |
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Factors affecting life chances |
-education -health, social conditions, and life expectancy |
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Lifestyle |
one's attitudes, values, beliefs, and behavior patterns, which depend on socialization into one's culture and status. |
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ascribed stratification systems |
individuals' positions in society are determined by characteristics they are born with |
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Achieved stratification systems |
Individuals earn their positions through ability and effort
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Caste systems |
the caste one is born into determines one's occupation, potential marriage partners, residence, group memberships, and prestige level. |
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Estate systems |
One is born into the nobility, the political-military elites, or into the peasantry, whose labor supports the elites. |
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Social class systems |
social class is defined by property, power, and prestige; it is officially achieved, but actually inherited in part. |
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social classes in the united states |
Most people in the us are in the middle class or working middle class. The gap between the richest 1% of U.S. households own more wealth than all of the bottom 90% combined |
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Measuring poverty |
Absolute poverty and relative poverty |
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Absolute poverty |
not having sufficient resources to meet basic survival needs |
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Relative poverty |
having an income below the poverty line, and an inadequate standard of living relative to others in the same country |
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Feminization of poverty |
trend in which single females, often young and with children, make up a growing proportion of those in poverty |
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Welfare (TANF) |
Temporary Assistance to Needy Families -very few TANF recipients have children to expand welfare benefits -about 80% have only 1 or 2 children -less than 7% have 4+ children -average received is about $2600 per year. |
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Digital divide |
the gap between those with and without access to information technology |
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Numerical minority |
are virtually everywhere - redheads, teens, rock musicians, etc. |
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Minority group |
a category of people who are set apart for unequal treatment because of physical or cultural characteristic |
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Race |
socially created concept that identifies a group as "different" based on certain biologically inherited physical characteristics
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Ethnic Groups |
Based on cultural factors: language, religion, dress, foods, customs, beliefs, values, norms, a shared group identity or feeling, and sometimes loyalty to a homeland, monarch, or religious leader |
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UN statement on race |
All people are born free and equal Racism retards personal development racial conflicts cost nations resources racism creates international conflict |
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Social construction of race |
race categories are defined by society, often based on what is convenient for the dominant group racist doctrines lack any scientific basis |
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Symbolic interactionism (race social construction |
if people believe something is real, it is real in its consequences People use race categories to classify themselves and others based on physical characteristics the idea of race expanded from physical differences to psychological and moral differences the idea of psychological and moral race differences has been used to justify discriminatory treatment. |
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Prejudice |
attitudes that prejudge a group, usually negative and not based on facts |
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Discrimination |
differential treatment and harmful actions against minorities |
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Stereotyping |
categorizing the personal qualities of large groups of people based on racial or ethnic features |
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Self-fulfilling prophecy |
minorities may incorporate prejudiced views of themselves into their behavior |
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Individual discrimination (micro level) |
action against minority members by individuals |
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Institutional discrimination (meso level) |
Intentional or unintentional actions by organizations and institutions that restrict minority members or Any institutional arrangement that favors one racial group over another |
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Racial/Ethnic stratification |
hierarchical rankings of individuals and groups in society based on race and/or ethnic group membership leading to differential rewards and access to resources/opportunities |
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Side-effect discrimination |
practices in one institutional area that have a negative impact due to links to other areas |
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Past-in-present discrimination |
practices from the past that may no longer be allowed today but continue to affect people anyway |
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in order of hostile to accepting |
next |
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genocide |
Extermination of minorities |
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Subjugation |
oppression, slavery |
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Population transfer |
Removal to new location |
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assimilation |
cultural blending of groups |
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Pluralism |
Groups share in legitimacy and power |
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Jim Crow Laws |
instituted in the southern U.S. after the Civil War, legislated separation between racial groups -- Separate facilities, schools, and neighborhoods |
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micro level coping strategies |
Passing acceptance Avoidance Aggression |
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passing
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a form of assimilation, (pass as a member of dominant group) |
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Acceptance |
live with minority status without challenging system |
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Avoidance |
Shunning all contact with the dominant group |
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Aggression |
retaliation or violence |
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Strategic resistance |
Resistance to white framing by offering positive definitions of one's racial or ethnic group Challenging unjust laws Nonviolent resistance (ex: boycotts, sit-ins) |
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Mahatma Ghandi |
Initial model for nonviolent reisistance
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Martin Luther King Jr. |
Majored in sociology in college brought attention to plight of black people in the U.S. |
